Gip derivatives and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel peptides that are derivatives of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) analogues having improved physical stability in solution and a protracted profile of action. More particular the invention relates to such peptides that are agonists at the GIP receptor and to their use in weight management or for treatment of diseases such as obesity, diabetes or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S.Provisional Application 62/666,916, filed May 4, 2018 and EuropeanPatent Application 18172827.0, filed May 17, 2018; the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates to novel peptides that are derivativesof glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) analogues withimproved physical stability in solution and a protracted profile ofaction, and to the pharmaceutical use of the GIP derivatives.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 3, 2019, isnamed “180016_sequence_listing_ST25”, and is 60 kilobytes in size.

BACKGROUND

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, also known as gastricinhibitory peptide) is one of two endogenous incretins and is a 42 aminoacid peptide hormone released from intestinal K-cells following foodintake. GIP and the other incretin, glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), aregut enteroendocrine cell-derived hormones accounting for the incretineffect, which estimated to account for over 70% of the total insulinresponse to an oral glucose challenge.

Due to the incretin effect, the GIP receptor has become an attractivedrug target in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity anddiabetes, with GIP receptor agonists either as a standalone, incombination with GLP-1 receptor agonists, or in combination withGLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonists. GIP itself has a short plasmahalf-life due to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV) mediated inactivation,and poor physical stability due to high tendency to form fibrils insolution.

Patent applications disclosing different GIP receptor agonists or andtheir potential medical uses are described, such as e.g. disclosed in WO2016/066744, WO 2016/034186, WO 2012/055770, and WO 2012/167744. AlsoGIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists and their medical use have been studiedin e.g. WO 2013/164483, and WO 2014/192284.

The derivatives of the present invention provide novel modified GIPanalogues with a protracted profile of action in addition to providingimproved stability.

SUMMARY

The invention relates to derivatives of GIP analogues that have a lysineat a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 3).

In some embodiments, the derivatives comprise a GIP analogue having alysine at a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (SEQ IDNO: 3) and a negatively charged modifying group attached to the epsilonamino group of said lysine.

In some embodiments, the derivatives comprise a GIP analogue having alysine at a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (SEQ IDNO: 3), a negatively charged modifying group attached to the epsilonamino group of said lysine, and may comprise up to 7 further amino acidsubstitutions, i.e. also to be described as a maximum of 8 substitutionsas compared to hGIP(1-31).

In some embodiments, the derivatives comprise a GIP analogue having alysine at a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (SEQ IDNO: 3), a negatively charged modifying group attached to the epsilonamino group of said lysine, and may comprise up to 7 further amino acidsubstitutions, wherein the substitutions are at one or more of thepositions corresponding to positions 1, 2, 14, 16, 18, 20 and/or 31 ofFormula I.

The invention furthermore relates to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising such derivatives of GIP analogues and pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients, as well as the medical use of said derivatives.

In a first aspect, the invention relates to derivatives of GIP analoguesthat are capable of activating the GIP receptor. In a further aspect,the derivatives of GIP analogues are selective at activating the humanGIP receptor over the human GLP-1 receptor and the human glucagonreceptor.

Also or alternatively, in a second aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues that are active in vivo alone or incombination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Also or alternatively, in a third aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties.

Also or alternatively, in a fourth aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues with improved physical stability.

Also or alternatively, in a fifth aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues with improved chemical stability.

DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to derivatives of GIP analogues that have a lysineat a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 3).In one aspect, the derivatives of the present invention comprise alysine at a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (FormulaI; SEQ ID NO: 3) and a negatively charged modifying group attached tothe epsilon amino group of said lysine.

In another aspect, the derivatives of the invention comprise a lysine ata position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (Formula I; SEQ IDNO: 3), a negatively charged modifying group attached to the epsilonamino group of said lysine, and wherein Formula I may comprise up to 7further amino acid substitutions also described as a maximum of 8substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31).

In another aspect, the derivatives of the invention comprise a lysine ata position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) (Formula I; SEQ IDNO: 3), a negatively charged modifying group attached to the epsilonamino group of said lysine, and wherein Formula I may comprise up to 7further amino acid substitutions, wherein the substitutions are at oneor more of the positions corresponding to positions 1, 2, 14, 16, 18, 20and/or 31 of Formula I.

In addition, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising such derivatives of GIP analogues and pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients, as well as the medical use of said derivatives.

In one aspect, the invention relates to derivatives of GIP analoguesthat are capable of activating the GIP receptor. In a further aspect,the derivatives of GIP analogues are selective at activating the humanGIP receptor over the human GLP-1 receptor and the human glucagonreceptor. The term “selective” for the GIP receptor over the GLP-1receptor and glucagon receptor refer to derivatives that display atleast 10 fold, such as at least 50 fold, at least 500 fold, or at least1000 fold higher potency for the GIP receptor over the GLP-1 receptorand glucagon receptor as measured in vitro in a potency assay forreceptor function, such as a CRE luciferase functional potency assay,and compared by EC₅₀ values.

Also or alternatively, the invention relates to derivatives of GIPanalogues that are active in vivo alone or in combination with a GLP-1receptor agonist.

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties.

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues with improved physical stability.

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the invention relates toderivatives of GIP analogues with improved chemical stability.

In what follows, Greek letters may be represented by their symbol or thecorresponding written name, for example: α=alpha; β=beta; ε=epsilon;γ=gamma; ω=omega; etc. Also, the Greek letter of μ may be represented by“u”, e.g. in μl=ul, or in μM=uM.

Unless otherwise indicated in the specification, terms presented insingular form generally also include the plural situation.

Also described herein are derivatives, derivatives of GIP analogues,pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof in which open ended termslike “comprises” and “comprising” are replaced with closed terms such as“consists of”, “consisting of”, and the like.

Compound/Product

GIP Receptor Agonist

A receptor agonist may be defined as a compound that binds to a receptorand elicits a response typical of the natural ligand (see e.g.“Principles of Biochemistry”, A L Lehninger, D L Nelson, M M Cox, SecondEdition, Worth Publishers, 1993, page 763).

As described herein, a “GIP receptor agonist” may be defined as acompound which is capable of activating the GIP receptor.

GIP Analogues

The term “hGIP(1-42)” as used herein refers to the humanglucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, the sequence of which isincluded in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 1. The peptide having thesequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 may also be designated native hGIP or hGIP.

The term “hGIP(1-31)” as used herein refers to a truncated version ofhGIP(1-42), comprising amino acids 1-31 of hGIP(1-42), the sequence ofhGIP(1-31) is included in the sequence listings as SEQ ID NO: 2.

The term “GIP analogue” as used herein refers to a peptide, or acompound, which is a variant of hGIP(1-31). The term “variant” is usedfor peptides comprising at least one amino acid substitution as comparedto hGIP(1-31) and is capable of activating the GIP receptor.

The term “substitution” as used herein refers to one amino acid beingreplaced by another in the backbone of the peptide. In one aspect, aminoacids may be substituted by conservative substitution. The term“conservative substitution” as used herein denotes that one or moreamino acids are replaced by another, biologically similar residue.Examples include substitution of amino acid residues with similarcharacteristics, e.g. small amino acids, acidic amino acids, polar aminoacids, basic amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids and aromatic aminoacids. In one aspect, the GIP analogues of the derivatives of theinvention may comprise substitutions of one or more unnatural and/ornon-amino acids, e.g., amino acid mimetics, into the sequence of the GIPanalogue.

GIP analogues of the derivatives of the invention may be described byreference to i) the number of the amino acid residue in hGIP(1-31) orhGIP(1-42) which corresponds to the amino acid residue which is changed(i.e., the corresponding position in hGIP(1-31) or hGIP(1-42)), and toii) the actual change. For example, [Lys24]-hGIP(1-31) refers to a GIPanalogue in which position 24 of hGIP(1-31) has been replaced by alysine.

In one aspect, the GIP analogues of the derivatives of the inventioncomprise a lysine residue at the position corresponding to position 24of hGIP(1-31) as described by formula I:Tyr-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-Met-Asp-Lys-Ile-His-Gln-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-Gly. Formula I is included in the sequence listings as SEQ ID NO: 3and may also be designated [Lys24]-hGIP(1-31).

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the GIP analogues of thederivatives of the invention comprise a maximum of eight amino acidsubstitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31), wherein position 24 is always alysine accounting for one substitution and up to seven furthersubstitutions at positions other than at position 24. In a furtheraspect, the GIP analogues of the derivatives of the present inventioncomprise up to seven, six, five, four, three, two, or one amino acidsubstitution(s) as compared to hGIP(1-31). In one aspect, saidsubstitutions are present at one or more of positions corresponding toposition 1, 2, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 31 of Formula I as described hereinby Formula II:X₁-X₂-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-X₁₄-Asp-X₁₆-Ile-X₁₈-Gln-X₂₀-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-X₃₁.Formula II is included in the sequence listings as SEQ ID NO: 48. In oneaspect, the GIP analogues of the derivatives of the invention may be inthe form of C-terminal carboxylic acids or amides.

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the GIP analogues of thederivatives of the present invention comprise a C-terminal extension toFormula I or Formula II. In a further aspect, the GIP analogues of thederivatives of the invention comprise a C-terminal extension describedby Formula III: Lys-X₃₃-X₃₄-Asp-Trp-Lys-His-Asn-Ile-Thr-Gln, wherein X₃₃is Lys or Glu; X₃₄ is Asn, Glu, or Asp. The C-terminal extension isattached to Formula I or Formula II via an amide bond from theC-terminal carboxylic acid of Formula I or Formula II to the N-terminalamino group of Formula III. Formula III is included in the sequencelistings as SEQ ID NO: 51.

The following are non-limiting examples of suitable analoguenomenclature.

As an example, [Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31) comprises 4substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31). As a further example,[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31) comprises 6substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31). Similarly,[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31) amide comprises 6substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) as the number of substitutionsrefer to the backbone.

Analogues “comprising” certain specified changes may comprise furtherchanges, when compared to the respective formula. In a particularembodiment, the analogue “has” the specified changes.

As is apparent from the above examples, amino acid residues may beidentified by their full name, their one-letter code, and/or theirthree-letter code. These three ways are fully equivalent.

The expressions “a position equivalent to” or “a position correspondingto” may be used to characterise the site of change in a variant GIPsequence by reference to a given sequence, e.g. hGIP(1-31), orhGIP(1-42).

The term “peptide”, as e.g. used in the context of the GIP analogues ofthe derivatives of the invention, refers to a compound which comprises aseries of amino acids interconnected by amide (or peptide) bonds.

Amino acids are molecules containing an amino group and a carboxylicacid group, and, optionally, one or more additional groups, oftenreferred to as a side chain.

The term “amino acid” includes proteinogenic (or coded or natural) aminoacids (amongst those the 20 standard amino acids), as well asnon-proteinogenic (or non-coded or non-natural) amino acids.Proteinogenic amino acids are those which are naturally incorporatedinto proteins. The standard amino acids are those encoded by the geneticcode. Non-proteinogenic amino acids are either not found in proteins, ornot produced by standard cellular machinery (e.g., they may have beensubject to post-translational modification). Non-limiting examples ofnon-proteinogenic amino acids are Aib (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid), Nle(norleucine), as well as the D-isomers of the proteinogenic amino acids.Non-limiting examples of D-isomers of a proteinogenic amino acid is theD-isomers of tyrosine or alanine, which can be written as D-Tyr orD-Ala, respectively.

In what follows, all amino acids of the GIP analogues of derivatives ofthe invention for which the optical isomer is not stated is to beunderstood to mean the L-isomer (unless otherwise specified).

GIP Derivatives

The term “derivative” as used herein in the context of a GIP analoguemeans a chemically modified GIP analogue, in which one or moresubstituents have been covalently attached to the peptide backbone.

In one aspect of the invention, the substituent may be an N-terminalsubstituent.

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the substituent may be a modifyinggroup or, alternatively, referred to as a protracting moiety or albuminbinding moiety.

The term “N-terminal substituent” or “modifying group” as used herein,means a chemical moiety or group replacing a hydrogen atom.

In one aspect, the derivative of a GIP analogue comprises a substituentcovalently attached to the alpha-amino group of the amino acid residuein the N-terminus of the analogue. In one aspect, the N-terminalsubstituent is an alkanoyl or acyl group. In a particular aspect, theN-terminal substituent is an acetyl group. As an example of anN-terminal substituted amino acid is Ac-Tyr at position 1. Suchacetylation would not count as a substitution in the peptide backbonecompared with hGIP(1-31), because the amino acid in the GIP analogue isthe native Tyr, e.g. N{1}-acetyl-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)comprises 4 substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31).

Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the GIP analogue comprises amodifying group covalently attached to the amino acid residuecorresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) or hGIP(1-42). In a furtheraspect, the modifying group is capable of forming non-covalentconjugates with proteins, e.g. albumin, thereby promoting thecirculation of the derivative with the blood stream, and also having theeffect of protracting the time of action of the derivative, due to thefact that the conjugate of the GIP derivative and albumin is only slowlydisintegrated to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

The modifying group may be covalently attached to a lysine residue ofthe GIP analogue by acylation, i.e. via an amide bond formed between acarboxylic acid group of the modifying group and the epsilon amino groupof said lysine group. The amino group of lysine could also be coupled toan aldehyde of the modifying group by reductive amination.

In one aspect, the modifying group is covalently attached to a lysineresidue at a position corresponding to position 24 of hGIP(1-31) orhGIP(1-42) by acylation, i.e. via an amide bond formed between acarboxylic acid group of the modifying group and the epsilon amino groupof the lysine residue.

In one embodiment, the modifying group is defined by A-B-C- wherein A-is a lipophilic moiety with a negatively charged moiety at the distalend and B-C- is a linker. In one embodiment, the modifying group isdefined by A-B-C- wherein A- is a lipophilic moiety with a negativelycharged moiety at the distal end and B-C- is a linker comprising atleast one negatively charged moiety.

The term “lipophilic moiety” as used herein, means an aliphatichydrocarbon chain of 8 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 10 to 28 carbonatoms, more preferably 12-24 carbon atoms, even more preferably 14 to 20carbon atoms, most preferably 16 or 18 carbon atoms, wherein saidhydrocarbon may contain additional substituents.

The term “negatively charged moiety” as used herein, means a negativelychargeable chemical moiety being negatively charged at physiological pH(7.4). Examples of negatively charged moieties are carboxylic acids orisosteres thereof, such as sulfonic acids or tetrazoles.

In a preferred embodiment, the negatively charged moiety is a carboxylicacid moiety.

The term “distal” as used herein, means most remote (terminal) from thepoint of attachment of A- to B-.

The derivatives of the invention may exist in different stereoisomericforms having the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms,but differing only in the three-dimensional orientation of their atomsin space. The stereoisomerism of the exemplified derivatives of theinvention is indicated in the experimental section, in the names as wellas the structures, using standard nomenclature. Unless otherwise statedthe invention relates to all stereoisomeric forms of the claimedderivative.

The derivatives of the invention have GIP activity. This term refers tothe ability to bind to the GIP receptor and initiate a signaltransduction pathway resulting in insulinotropic action or otherphysiological effects as is known in the art. For example, thederivatives of the invention can be tested for GIP activity or stabilityusing the assay described in Examples 1-6 herein.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt, Amide, or Ester

The derivatives of the invention may be in the form of apharmaceutically acceptable salt, or amide.

Salts are e.g. formed by a chemical reaction between a base and an acid,e.g.: 2NH₃+H₂SO₄→(NH₄)₂SO₄.

The salt may be a basic salt, an acid salt, or it may be neither nor(i.e. a neutral salt). Basic salts produce hydroxide ions and acid saltshydronium ions in water.

The salts of the derivatives of the invention may be formed with addedcations or anions between anionic or cationic groups, respectively.These groups may be situated in the peptide moiety, and/or in themodifying group of the derivatives of the invention.

Non-limiting examples of anionic groups of the derivatives of theinvention include free carboxylic groups in the side chain, if any, aswell as in the peptide moiety. The peptide moiety often includes a freecarboxylic acid group at the C-terminus, and it may also include freecarboxylic groups at internal acid amino acid residues such as Asp andGlu.

Non-limiting examples of cationic groups in the peptide moiety includethe free amino group at the N-terminus, if present, as well as any freeamino group of internal basic amino acid residues such as His, Arg, andLys.

The amide of the derivatives of the invention may, e.g., be formed bythe reaction of a free carboxylic acid group with an amine or asubstituted amine, or by reaction of a free or substituted amino groupwith a carboxylic acid.

The amide formation may involve the free carboxylic group at theC-terminus of the peptide, any free carboxylic group in the side chain,the free amino group at the N-terminus of the peptide, and/or any freeor substituted amino group of the peptide in the peptide and/or the sidechain.

In one aspect, the derivative of the invention is in the form of apharmaceutically acceptable salt, preferably in the form of a sodiumsalt. Also or alternatively, in one aspect, the derivative of theinvention is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable amide,preferably with an amide group at the C-terminus of the peptide.

Functional Properties

In a first functional aspect, the derivatives of the invention have agood potency at the GIP receptor. Preferably they are potent GIPreceptor agonists as is reflected by their ability to activate the GIPreceptor. Also, or alternatively, in a second functional aspect, theyhave an in vivo effect on body weight, food intake and glucose toleranceboth alone and in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Also, oralternatively, in a third functional aspect, they have improvedpharmacokinetic properties. Also, or alternatively, in a fourthfunctional aspect, the derivatives of the invention are physicallystable. Also, or alternatively, in a fifth functional aspect, thederivatives of the invention are chemically stable.

Biological Activity—In Vitro Potency

According to the first functional aspect, the derivatives of theinvention, as well as the constituent GIP analogues such as[Lys24]-hGIP(1-31) or analogues thereof, are biologically active, orpotent at the human GIP receptor.

In one embodiment, potency and/or activity refers to in vitro potency,i.e. performance in a functional GIP receptor assay, more in particularto the capability of activating the human GIP receptor.

The in vitro potency may, e.g., be determined in a medium containingmembranes expressing the human GIP receptor, and/or in an assay withwhole cells expressing the human GIP receptor.

For example, the response of the human GIP receptor may be measured in areporter gene assay, e.g. in a stably transfected BHK cell line thatexpresses the human GIP receptor and contains the DNA for the cAMPresponse element (CRE) coupled to a promoter and the gene for fireflyluciferase (CRE luciferase). When cAMP is produced as a result ofactivation of the GIP receptor this in turn results in the luciferasebeing expressed. Luciferase may be determined by adding luciferin, whichby the enzyme is converted to oxyluciferin and produces bioluminescence,which is measured and is a measure of the in vitro potency. Onenon-limiting example of such an assay is described in Example 2 asdescribed herein.

The term half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) generally refers tothe concentration which induces a response halfway between the baselineand maximum, by reference to the dose response curve. EC₅₀ is used as ameasure of the potency of a compound and represents the concentrationwhere 50% of its maximal effect is observed.

The in vitro potency of the derivatives of the invention may bedetermined as described above, and the EC₅₀ of the derivative inquestion determined. The lower the EC₅₀ value, the better the potency.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the invention hasan in vitro potency determined using the method of Example 2corresponding to an EC₅₀ at or below 5000 pM, more preferably below 900pM, even more preferably below 500 pM, or most preferably below 200 pM.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivatives of the invention arecapable of activating the GIP receptor selectively over the human GLP-1receptor and the human glucagon receptor. The term “selectively” whenused in relation to activation of the GIP receptor over the GLP-1receptor and glucagon receptor refer to derivatives that display atleast 10 fold, such as at least 50 fold, at least 500 fold, or at least1000 fold better potency for the GIP receptor over the GLP-1 receptorand glucagon receptor as measured in vitro in a potency assay forreceptor function, such as an CRE luciferase functional potency assay,and compared by EC₅₀ values. The term “better potency” of thederivatives of the invention at the GIP receptor over the GLP-1 receptorand the glucagon receptor is determined by the ratio of the EC₅₀ valuesat the GLP-1 receptor versus GIP receptor or glucagon receptor versusGIP receptor, respectively.

Biological Activity—In Vivo Pharmacology

According to a second functional aspect, the GIP derivatives of theinvention, as well as the constituent GIP analogues such as[Lys24]-hGIP(1-31) or analogues thereof, are potent in vivo, which maybe determined as is known in the art in any suitable animal model, aswell as in clinical trials.

The diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse is one example of a suitable animalmodel, and the effect on body weight, food intake and glucose tolerancecan be assessed during sub-chronic dosing in this model. The effect ofthe GIP derivatives of the invention on body weight, food intake andglucose tolerance may be determined in such mice in vivo, e.g. asdescribed in Example 6 herein. Food intake can be assessed by singlehousing animals and weighing food consumed per day. This model can alsobe used to evaluate effects on glucose tolerance by performing an oralor i.p. glucose tolerance test (OGTT or IPGTT). These tests areperformed by administration of a glucose load orally or i.p. tosemi-fasted animals and subsequent blood glucose measured for up tothree hours.

Pharmacokinetics Profile

According to the third functional aspect, the derivatives of theinvention have improved pharmacokinetic properties such as increasedterminal half-life.

Increasing terminal half-life means that the compound in question iseliminated slower from the body. For the derivatives of the inventionthis entails an extended duration of pharmacological effect.

The pharmacokinetic properties of the derivatives of the invention maysuitably be determined in vivo in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Suchstudies are conducted to evaluate how pharmaceutical compounds areabsorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, and how theseprocesses affect the concentration of the compound in the body, over thecourse of time.

In the discovery and preclinical phase of pharmaceutical drugdevelopment, animal models such as the mouse, rat, monkey, dog, or pig,may be used to perform this characterisation. Any of these models can beused to test the pharmacokinetic properties of the derivatives of theinvention.

In such studies, animals are typically administered with a single doseof the drug, either intravenously (i.v.), subcutaneously (s.c.), ororally (p.o.) in a relevant formulation. Blood samples are drawn atpredefined time points after dosing, and samples are analysed forconcentration of drug with a relevant quantitative assay. Based on thesemeasurements, time-plasma concentration profiles for the compound ofstudy are plotted and a so-called non-compartmental pharmacokineticanalysis of the data is performed.

For most compounds, the terminal part of the plasma-concentrationprofiles will be linear when drawn in a semi-logarithmic plot,reflecting that after the initial absorption and distribution, drug isremoved from the body at a constant fractional rate. The rate (lambda Zor λ_(z)) is equal to minus the slope of the terminal part of the plot.From this rate, also a terminal half-life may be calculated, ast½=ln(2)/λ_(z) (see, e.g., Johan Gabrielsson and Daniel Weiner:Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Data Analysis. Concepts &Applications, 3rd Ed., Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm (2000)).

Clearance can be determined after i.v. administration and is defined asthe dose (D) divided by area under the curve (AUC) on the plasmaconcentration versus time profile (Rowland, M and Tozer T N: ClinicalPharmacokinetics: Concepts and Applications, 3^(rd) edition, 1995Williams Wilkins).

The estimate of terminal half-life and/or clearance is relevant forevaluation of dosing regimens and an important parameter in drugdevelopment, in the evaluation of new drug compounds.

Pharmacokinetics Profile—Half-Life In Vivo in Minipigs

According to the third functional aspect, the derivatives of theinvention have improved pharmacokinetic properties.

In a particular embodiment, the pharmacokinetic properties may bedetermined as terminal half-life (t_(1/2)) in vivo in minipigs afteri.v. administration, e.g. as described in Example 3 herein.

In particular embodiments, the terminal half-life in minipigs is atleast 24 hours, preferably at least 40 hours, even more preferably atleast 60 hours.

Physical Properties

According to the fourth functional aspect, the derivative of theinvention has improved physical stability in solution. The term“physical stability” refers to the tendency of the polypeptide to formbiologically inactive and/or insoluble aggregates, e.g. amyloid fibrilsor gels.

In a particular embodiment, the improved physical stability may bedetermined by measuring lag-time and/or recovery in a Thioflavin T (ThT)fibrillation assay, e.g. as described in Example 4 herein.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the invention hasmore than 70 percent recovery in a ThT fibrillation assay, preferablymore than 90 percent recovery, even more preferably more than 95 percentrecovery, or most preferably more than 98 percent recovery, such asshown in Example 4 described herein.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the invention hasa lag-time in the ThT fibrillation assay of more than 10 hours,preferably more than 20 hours, even more preferably more than 45 hours,such as shown in Example 4 described herein.

In a particular embodiment, the improved physical stability may bedetermined by Dynamic Light Scattering stability index (DLS-SI) assay,e.g. as described in Example 4 herein.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the invention hasa low DLS-SI value in a DLS-SI assay, preferably less than 7, morepreferably less than 2, such as shown in Example 4 herein.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the inventionshows no or little precipitation in a DLS-SI assay, preferably noprecipitation, such as shown in Example 4 herein.

Chemical Properties

According to the fifth functional aspect, the derivatives of theinvention have improved chemical stability. The term “chemicalstability” refers to chemical (in particular covalent) changes in thepolypeptide structure leading to formation of chemical degradationproducts, such as high molecular weight proteins (HMWPs), deamidation,isomerization and hydrolysis products potentially having a reducedbiological potency, and/or increased immunogenic effect as compared tothe intact polypeptide.

In a particular embodiment, the improved chemical stability may bedetermined by measuring the content of HMWP and/or purity loss, bymeasuring the amount of chemical degradation products at varioustime-points after exposure to different environmental conditions, e.g.by SEC-HPLC, and/or LCMS, e.g. as described in Example 5 herein.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the invention hasa purity loss per month of less than 35 percent, preferably less than 15percent, more preferably less than 7 percent, such as shown in Example 5described herein.

In a further particular embodiment, the derivative of the invention hasa formation of HMWP's per month of less than 4 percent, preferably lessthan 2 percent, more preferably less than 1 percent, such as shown inExample 5 described herein.

Additional particular embodiments of the derivatives of the inventionare described in the section headed “particular embodiments”.

Production Processes

The production of peptides like hGIP(1-31) and hGIP analogues is wellknown in the art.

The GIP analogues of the derivatives of the invention (or fragmentsthereof), such as [Lys24]-hGIP(1-31) or an analogue or fragment thereof,may for instance be produced by classical peptide synthesis, e.g., solidphase peptide synthesis using t-Boc or Fmoc chemistry or other wellestablished techniques, see, e.g., Greene and Wuts, “Protective Groupsin Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, Florencio ZaragozaDorwald, “Organic Synthesis on solid Phase”, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH,2000, and “Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis”, Edited by W. C. Chan andP. D. White, Oxford University Press, 2000.

Also, or alternatively, they may be produced by recombinant methods,viz. by culturing a host cell containing a DNA sequence encoding theanalogue and capable of expressing the peptide in a suitable nutrientmedium under conditions permitting the expression of the peptide.Non-limiting examples of host cells suitable for expression of thesepeptides are: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well asmammalian BHK or CHO cell lines.

Those derivatives of the invention which include non-natural amino acidsand/or a covalently attached N-terminal mono- or dipeptide mimetic maye.g. be produced as described in the experimental part. Or see e.g.,Hodgson et al: “The synthesis of peptides and proteins containingnon-natural amino acids”, Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 33, no. 7(2004), p. 422-430.

Specific examples of methods of preparing a number of the derivatives ofthe invention are included in the experimental part.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Injectable compositions comprising derivatives of the present inventioncan be prepared using the conventional techniques of the pharmaceuticalindustry which involve dissolving and mixing the ingredients asappropriate to give the desired end product. Thus, according to oneprocedure, a derivative of this invention is dissolved in a suitablebuffer at a suitable pH so precipitation is minimised or avoided. Theinjectable composition is made sterile, for example, by sterilefiltration.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a derivative of the invention ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or amide thereof, and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be prepared as is known in theart.

The term “excipient” broadly refers to any component other than theactive therapeutic ingredient(s). The excipient may be an inertsubstance, an inactive substance, and/or a not medicinally activesubstance.

The formulation of pharmaceutically active ingredients with variousexcipients is known in the art, see e.g. Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy (e.g. 19^(th) edition (1995), and any latereditions).

A composition may be a stabilised formulation. The term “stabilisedformulation” refers to a formulation with increased physical and/orchemical stability, preferably both. In general, a formulation must bestable during use and storage (in compliance with recommended use andstorage conditions) until the expiration date is reached.

The treatment with a derivative according to the present invention mayalso be combined with one or more additional pharmacologically activesubstances, e.g. selected from GLP-1 receptor agonists, orGLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonists.

In one aspect of the invention, the derivative of the invention iscombined with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. The compounds may be supplied ina single-dosage form wherein the single-dosage form contains bothcompounds, or in the form of a kit-of-parts comprising a preparation ofthe derivative of the invention as a first unit dosage form and apreparation of the GLP-1 receptor agonist as a second unit dosage form.

Non-limiting examples of GLP-1 receptor agonists to be combined with thederivative of the present invention are liraglutide, semaglutide,exenatide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide, taspoglutide, and albiglutide.Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that may be prepared asdescribed in WO2006/097537, Example 4 and is also known asN^(6,26)-{18-[N-(17-carboxyheptadecanoyl)-L-γ-glutamyl]-10-oxo-3,6,12,15-tetraoxa-9,18-diazaoctadecanoyl}-[8-(2-amino-2-propanoicacid), 34-L-arginine]human glucagon-like peptide 1(7-37), see WHO DrugInformation Vol. 24, No. 1, 2010 (SEQ ID NO: 57).

Non-limiting examples of GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonists aredescribed in WO 2014/170496 e.g. see present SEQ ID NO: 52, 53, 54, 55,or 56.

Pharmaceutical Indications

The present invention also relates to a derivative of a GIP analogue,for use as a medicament.

In particular embodiments, the derivative of the invention may be usedfor the following medical treatments:

(i) prevention and/or treatment of all forms of diabetes, such ashyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes, MODY (maturity onset diabetesof the young), gestational diabetes, and/or for reduction of HbA1C;

(ii) delaying or preventing diabetic disease progression, such asprogression in type 2 diabetes, delaying the progression of impairedglucose tolerance (IGT) to insulin requiring type 2 diabetes, delayingor preventing insulin resistance, and/or delaying the progression ofnon-insulin requiring type 2 diabetes to insulin requiring type 2diabetes;

(iii) prevention and/or treatment of eating disorders, such as obesity,e.g. by decreasing food intake, reducing body weight, suppressingappetite, inducing satiety; treating or preventing binge eatingdisorder, bulimia nervosa, and/or obesity induced by administration ofan antipsychotic or a steroid; reduction of gastric motility; delayinggastric emptying; increasing physical mobility; and/or prevention and/ortreatment of comorbidities to obesity, such as osteoarthritis and/orurine incontinence;

(iv) weight maintenance after successful weight loss (either druginduced or by diet and exercise)—i.e. prevention of weight gain aftersuccessful weight loss.

(v) prevention and/or treatment of liver disorders, such as hepaticsteatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation or fatty liver.

In a particular embodiment, the indication is Type 2 diabetes, and/orobesity.

In some embodiments the invention relates to a method for weightmanagement. In some embodiments the invention relates to a method forreduction of appetite. In some embodiments the invention relates to amethod for reduction of food intake.

Generally, all subjects suffering from obesity are also considered to besuffering from overweight. In some embodiments the invention relates toa method for treatment or prevention of obesity. In some embodiments theinvention relates to use of the derivative of the present invention fortreatment or prevention of obesity. In some embodiments the subjectsuffering from obesity is human, such as an adult human or a paediatrichuman (including infants, children, and adolescents). Body mass index(BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. The formulafor calculation is BMI=weight in kilograms/height in meters². A humansubject suffering from obesity may have a BMI of ≥30; this subject mayalso be referred to as obese. In some embodiments the human subjectsuffering from obesity may have a BMI of ≥35 or a BMI in the range of≥30 to <40. In some embodiments the obesity is severe obesity or morbidobesity, wherein the human subject may have a BMI of ≥40.

In some embodiments the invention relates to a method for treatment orprevention of overweight, optionally in the presence of at least oneweight-related comorbidity. In some embodiments the invention relates touse of the derivative of a GIP analogue for treatment or prevention ofoverweight, optionally in the presence of at least one weight-relatedcomorbidity. In some embodiments the subject suffering from overweightis human, such as an adult human or a paediatric human (includinginfants, children, and adolescents). In some embodiments a human subjectsuffering from overweight may have a BMI of ≥25, such as a BMI of ≥27.In some embodiments a human subject suffering from overweight has a BMIin the range of 25 to <30 or in the range of 27 to <30. In someembodiments the weight-related comorbidity is selected from the groupconsisting of hypertension, diabetes (such as type 2 diabetes),dyslipidaemia, high cholesterol, and obstructive sleep apnoea.

In some embodiments the invention relates to a method for reduction ofbody weight. In some embodiments the invention relates to use of thederivative of a GIP analogue for reduction of body weight. A human to besubjected to reduction of body weight according to the present inventionmay have a BMI of ≥25, such as a BMI of ≥27 or a BMI of ≥30. In someembodiments the human to be subjected to reduction of body weightaccording to the present invention may have a BMI of ≥35 or a BMI of≥40. The term “reduction of body weight” may include treatment orprevention of obesity and/or overweight.

Particular Embodiments

The invention may be further described by the following non-limitingembodiments:

-   1. A derivative of a GIP analogue comprising Formula I (SEQ ID NO:    3):

(I) Tyr-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-Met-Asp-Lys-Ile-His-Gln-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-Gly,

-   -   wherein a modifying group is covalently attached to the side        chain of the epsilon amino group of the lysine at position 24,        the modifying group being defined by A-B-C-, wherein A- is a        lipophilic moiety with a negatively charged moiety at the distal        end and B-C- is a linker; and    -   wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 8 amino acid        substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2),    -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or amide thereof.

-   2. The derivative according to embodiment 1 comprising Formula II    (SEQ ID NO: 48):

(II) X₁-X₂-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-X₁₄-Asp-X₁₆-Ile-X₁₈-Gln-X₂₀-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-X₃₁,

-   -   wherein Formula II comprises any amino acid at positions X₁, X₂,        X₁₄, X₁₆, X₁₈, X₂₀, and/or X₃₁; and    -   wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 8 amino acid        substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   3. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-2 comprising    Formula II, wherein the amino acids at positions X₁, X₂, X₁₄, X₁₆,    X₁₈, X₂₀, and/or X₃₁ are selected from (SEQ ID NO: 49):    -   X₁ is Tyr or D-Tyr;    -   X₂ is Aib, Ala, or D-Ala;    -   X₁₄ is Leu, Nle, Asp or Met;    -   X₁₆ is Lys or Ala;    -   X₁₈ is Arg or His;    -   X₂₀ is Gln, Glu or Aib;    -   X₃₁ is Gly or Pro.

-   4. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    comprising Formula II, wherein the amino acids at positions X₁, X₂,    X₁₄, X₁₆, X₁₈, X₂₀, and/or X₃₁ are selected from (SEQ ID NO: 64):    -   X₁ is Tyr or D-Tyr;    -   X₂ is Aib, Ala, or D-Ala;    -   X₁₄ is Leu, Nle, or Met;    -   X₁₆ is Lys or Ala;    -   X₁₈ is Arg or His;    -   X₂₀ is Gln, Glu or Aib;    -   X₃₁ is Gly or Pro.

-   5. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    comprising formula II, wherein the amino acids at positions X₁, X₂,    X₁₄, X₁₆, X₁₈, X₂₀, and/or X₃₁ are selected from (SEQ ID NO: 63):    -   X₁ is Tyr or D-Tyr;    -   X₂ is Aib or Ala;    -   X₁₄ is Nle, Asp or Leu;    -   X₁₆ is Lys or Ala;    -   X₁₈ is Arg or His;    -   X₂₀ is Gln, Glu or Aib;    -   X₃₁ is Gly or Pro.

-   6. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    comprising formula II, wherein the amino acids at positions X₁, X₂,    X₁₄, X₁₆, X₁₈, X₂₀, and/or X₃₁ are selected from (SEQ ID NO: 50):    -   X₁ is Tyr or D-Tyr;    -   X₂ is Aib or Ala;    -   X₁₄ is Nle;    -   X₁₆ is Lys or Ala;    -   X₁₈ is Arg or His;    -   X₂₀ is Gln, Glu or Aib;    -   X₃₁ is Gly or Pro.

-   7. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    wherein the derivative is represented by Formula II, wherein the    amino acids at positions X₁, X₂, X₁₄, X₁₆, X₁₈, X₂₀, and/or X₃₁ are    selected from (SEQ ID NO: 65):    -   X₁ is Tyr, Ac-Tyr, D-Tyr or Ac-D-Tyr;    -   X₂ is Aib, Ala, or D-Ala;    -   X₁₄ is Leu, Nle, Asp or Met;    -   X₁₆ is Lys or Ala;    -   X₁₈ is Arg or His;    -   X₂₀ is Gln, Glu or Aib;    -   X₃ is Gly or Pro    -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or amide thereof.

-   8. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments,    wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 7 amino acid substitutions    as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   9. The derivative according to any one of preceding embodiments    wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 6 amino acid substitutions    as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   10. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 5 amino acid    substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   11. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 4 amino acid    substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   12. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 3 amino acid    substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   13. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 2 amino acid    substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   14. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue has a maximum of 1 amino acid    substitutions as compared to hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   15. The derivative according to embodiments 1-12, wherein the GIP    analogue has 3 to 6 amino acid substitutions as compared to    hGIP(1-31) (SEQ ID NO: 2).

-   16. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the modifying group is A-B-C-, wherein A- is a    lipophilic moiety with a negatively charged moiety at the distal end    and B-C- is a linker comprising at least one negatively charged    moiety.

-   17. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the linker B-C-comprises 1 to 6 negatively    charged moieties.

-   18. The derivatives according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the linker B-C-comprises 1 to 4 negatively    charged moieties.

-   19. The derivatives according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the at least one negatively charged moiety in    the linker B-C- is selected from gamma-Glu, Glu and/or Asp.

-   20. The derivatives according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the at least one negatively charged moiety in    the linker B-C- is gamma-Glu.

-   21. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein    -   A- is Chem.1

-   -   p is an integer in the range of 14-20;    -   wherein * denotes the position of an amide bond connecting A-        and B-.

-   22. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein    -   B- is Chem. 2

-   -   q is an integer in the range of 0-1;    -   r is an integer in the range of 1-3;    -   wherein * denotes the position of the amide bond connecting A-        and B-, and ** denotes the position of an amide bond connecting        B- and C-.

-   23. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein    -   C- is selected from Chem. 3 and Chem. 4

-   -   s is an integer in the range of 1-3;    -   t is an integer in the range of 1-4;    -   u is an integer in the range of 1-3;    -   wherein ** denotes the position of the amide bond connecting B-        and C-, and *** denotes the position of an amide bond connecting        C- and the epsilon amino group of the lysine at position 24.

-   24. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the modifying group is defined by A-B-C-,    wherein    -   A- is Chem.1

-   -   p is an integer in the range of 14-20;    -   wherein * denotes the position of an amide bond connecting A-        and B-;    -   B- is Chem. 2

-   -   q is an integer in the range of 0-1;    -   r is an integer in the range of 1-3;    -   wherein * denotes the position of the amide bond connecting A-        and B-, and ** denotes the position of an amide bond connecting        B- and C-;    -   C- is selected from Chem. 3 and Chem. 4

-   -   s is an integer in the range of 1-3;    -   t is an integer in the range of 1-4;    -   u is an integer in the range of 1-3;    -   wherein ** denotes the position of the amide bond connecting B-        and C-, and *** denotes the position of an amide bond connecting        C- and the epsilon amino group of the lysine at position 24.

-   25. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 21 or 24,    wherein A- is Chem. 1 and p is 16-18.

-   26. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 22 or 24,    wherein B- is Chem. 2, q is 0-1, and r is 2.

-   27. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 23-24,    wherein C- is Chem. 3.

-   28. The derivative according to embodiment 27, wherein C- is    Chem. 3. and s is 2.

-   29. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 27-28,    wherein C- is Chem. 3. and t is 2-3.

-   30. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 23-24,    wherein C- is Chem. 4.

-   31. The derivative according to embodiment 30, wherein C- is    Chem. 4. and u is 2.

-   32. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-24, wherein    the modifying group A-B-C- is selected from:

-   34. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-32, wherein    X₁ is D-Tyr.-   35. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-34, wherein    X₂ is Aib.-   36. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-34, wherein    X₂ is Ala.-   37. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-34, wherein    X₂ is D-Ala.-   38. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-37, wherein    X₁₄ is Leu.-   39. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-37, wherein    X₁₄ is Nle.-   40. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-37, wherein    X₁₄ is Asp.-   41. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-37, wherein    X₁₄ is Met.-   42. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-41, wherein    X₁₆ is Lys.-   43. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-41, wherein    X₁₆ is Ala.-   44. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-43, wherein    X₁₈ is Arg.-   45. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-43, wherein    X₁₈ is His.-   46. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-45, wherein    X₂₀ is Gln.-   47. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-45, wherein    X₂₀ is Glu.-   48. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-45, wherein    X₂₀ is Aib.-   49. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-48, wherein    X₃₁ is Gly.-   50. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-48, wherein    X₃₁ is Pro.-   51. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein a peptide defined by Formula III (SEQ ID    NO: 51) is attached to the C-terminal of Formula I or Formula II via    an amide bond from the C-terminal carboxylic acid group of Formula I    or Formula II to the N-terminal amino group of Formula III:

Lys-X₃₃-X₃₄-Asp-Trp-Lys-H is-Asn-Ile-Thr-Gln  (III),

-   -   wherein    -   X₃₃ is Lys, Glu;    -   X₃₄ is Asn, Glu, or Asp.

-   52. The derivative according to embodiment 51, wherein X₃₃ is Lys.

-   53. The derivative according to embodiment 51, wherein X₃₃ is Glu.

-   54. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 51-53,    wherein X₃₄ is Asn.

-   55. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 51-53,    wherein X₃₄ is Glu.

-   56. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 51-53,    wherein X₃₄ is Asp.

-   57. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the N-terminal amino acid is acylated.

-   58. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the N-terminal amino acid is acetylated.

-   59. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-33, 35-58,    wherein X₁ is Ac-Tyr.

-   60. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-32, 34-58,    wherein X₁ is Ac-D-Tyr.

-   61. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue is a C-terminal carboxylic    acid or C-terminal amide.

-   62. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments, wherein the GIP analogue is a C-terminal carboxylic    acid.

-   63. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-49, 57-62,    wherein X₃₁ is Gly-OH.

-   64. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-48, 50,    57-62, wherein X₃₁ is Pro-OH.

-   65. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-61, wherein    the GIP analogue is a C-terminal amide.

-   66. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-49, 57-61,    65, wherein X₃₁ is Gly-NH₂.

-   67. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 2-48, 50,    57-61, 65, wherein X₃₁ is Pro-NH₂.

-   68. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    selected from:

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 1, SEQ ID NO: 6)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 2; SEQ ID NO: 7)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)    methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 3; SEQ ID NO: 8)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 4; SEQ ID NO: 9)

-   N{1}-acetyl,    N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 6; SEQ ID NO: 11)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 7; SEQ ID NO: 12)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 8; SEQ ID NO: 13)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 9; SEQ ID NO: 14)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 10; SEQ ID NO: 15)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 11; SEQ ID NO: 16)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 12; SEQ ID NO: 17)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Ala16,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 13; SEQ ID NO: 18)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Ala16,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 14; SEQ ID NO: 19)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 15; SEQ ID NO: 20)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 16; SEQ ID NO: 21)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 17; SEQ ID NO: 22)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Nle4,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 18; SEQ ID NO: 23)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Asp14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 19; SEQ ID NO: 24)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 20; SEQ ID NO: 25)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 21; SEQ ID NO: 26)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 22; SEQ ID NO: 27)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 23; SEQ ID NO: 28)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 24; SEQ ID NO: 29)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 26; SEQ ID NO: 31)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 27; SEQ ID NO: 32)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg8,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 28; SEQ ID NO: 33)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(P(1-31)    amide (Compound 29; SEQ ID NO: 34)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 30; SEQ ID NO: 35)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 32; SEQ ID NO: 37)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33]-hGIP    (Compound 33; SEQ ID NO: 38)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33]-hGIP    (Compound 34; SEQ ID NO: 39)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP    (Compound 35; SEQ ID NO: 40)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Asp34]-hGIP    (Compound 36, SEQ ID NO: 41)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP    (Compound 37; SEQ ID NO: 42)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP    (Compound 38; SEQ ID NO: 43)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Asp34]-hGIP    (Compound 39; SEQ ID NO: 44)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP    (Compound 40; SEQ ID NO: 45)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP    (Compound 41; SEQ ID NO: 46)

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP    (Compound 42; SEQ ID NO: 47)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)    (Compound 43; SEQ ID NO: 59)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 44;

-   N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Leu14,Lys24]-hGIP    (Compound 45; SEQ ID NO: 61)

-   N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)    amide (Compound 46; SEQ ID NO: 62)

-   69. The derivative according to embodiment 68 selected from compound    no. 1-32, 43-44, 46.-   70. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 68-69    selected from compound no. 1-25, 30, 43.-   71. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 68-70 which    is compound no. 5.-   72. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 68-70 which    is compound no. 25.-   73. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 68-69    selected from compound no.-   26-29, 31-32, 44, 46.-   74. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 68-69, 73    which is compound no. 31.-   75. The derivative according to embodiment 68 selected from compound    no. 33-42, 45.-   76. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is an agonist at the human GIP receptor.-   77. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is capable of activating the human GIP receptor.-   78. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is capable of activating the human GIP receptor in an assay    with whole cells expressing the human GIP receptor-   79. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is capable of activating the human GIP receptor in a CRE    luciferase assay, such as Example 2 described herein.-   80. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is an agonist at the human GIP receptor, with an EC₅₀ of no    more than 900 pM, such as determined in Example 2 described herein.-   81. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is an agonist at the human GIP receptor, with an EC₅₀ of no    more than 500 pM, such as determined in Example 2 described herein.-   82. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is an agonist at the human GIP receptor, with an EC₅₀ of no    more than 200 pM, such as determined in Example 2 described herein.-   83. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which is selective for the human GIP receptor over the human GLP-1    receptor and human glucagon receptor.-   84. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has a lower EC₅₀ at the human GIP receptor than at the human    GLP-1 receptor and the human glucagon receptor.-   85. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has an EC₅₀ at the human GLP-1 receptor of more than 100000 pM    in a CRE luciferase assay, such as determined in Example 2 described    herein.-   86. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has an EC₅₀ at the human GLP-1 receptor of more than 10000 pM    in a CRE luciferase assay, such as determined in Example 2 described    herein.-   87. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has an EC₅₀ at the human glucagon receptor of more than 100000    pM in a CRE luciferase assay, such as Example 2 described herein.-   88. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has improved pharmacokinetic properties.-   89. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has an increased half-life.-   90. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has an increased half-life when determined in minipigs.-   91. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has improved physical stability.-   92. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has more than 95 percent recovery in a ThT fibrillation assay,    such as determined in Example 4 described herein.-   93. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has more than 45 hours lag-time in a ThT fibrillation assay,    such as determined in Example 4 described herein.-   94. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has a low DLS-SI value.-   95. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has a DLS-SI value of less than 7, preferably less than 2 such    as determined in Example 4 described herein.-   96. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has no precipitates in a DLS-SI assay, such as determined in    Example 4 described herein.-   97. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has improved chemical stability.-   98. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has a formation of HMWP of no more than 2 percent per month,    such as determined in Example 5 described herein.-   99. The derivative according to any one of the preceding embodiments    which has a purity loss of no more than 35 percent per month, such    as determined in Example 5 described herein.-   100. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments which has a purity loss of no more than 6 percent per    month, such as determined in Example 5 described herein.-   101. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments which has the effect in vivo of reducing food intake as    determined in a sub-chronic study in DIO mice, such as Example 6    described herein.-   102. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments which has the effect in vivo of inducing body weight    loss as determined in a sub-chronic study in DIO mice, such as    Example 6 described herein.-   103. The derivative according to any one of the preceding    embodiments which has the effect of improving glucose tolerance in    vivo as determined in a sub-chronic study in DIO mice, such as    Example 6 described herein.-   104. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the derivative    according to any one of the preceding embodiments, and at least one    pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.-   105. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the derivative    according to any one of embodiments 1-103, a GLP-1 receptor agonist,    and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.-   106. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the derivative    according to any one of embodiments 1-103, a GLP-1/glucagon receptor    co-agonist, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.-   107. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 105,    wherein the GLP-1 receptor agonist is liraglutide.-   108. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 105,    wherein the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide (SEQ ID NO: 57).-   109. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 106,    wherein the GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist is    N{Epsilon-28}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)    butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Acb2,Leu10,Leu16,Arg20,Leu27,Lys28]-Glucagon    amide (SEQ ID NO: 52):

-   110. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 106,    wherein the GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist is    N{Epsilon-28}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)    butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,    Leu10,Glu15,Lys17,Arg20,Glu21,Leu27,Lys28]-Glucagon amide (SEQ ID    NO: 53):

-   111. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 106,    wherein the GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist is    N{Epsilon-28}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)    butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Acb2,Leu10,Glu15,Arg20,Glu21,Leu27,Lys28]-Glucagon    amide (SEQ ID NO: 54):

-   112. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 106,    wherein the GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist is    N{Epsilon-28}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)    butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Acb2,Leu10,Leu16,Lys17,Arg20,Glu21,Leu27,Lys28]-Glucagon    amide (SEQ ID NO: 55):

-   113. The pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 106,    wherein the GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist is    N{Epsilon-28}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)    butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Leu10,Ala16,Arg20,Leu27,Lys28]-Glucagon    amide (SEQ ID NO: 56):

-   114. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of    embodiments 104-113, wherein the derivative is SEQ ID NO: 10.-   115. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of    embodiments 104-113, wherein the derivative is SEQ ID NO: 30.-   116. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of    embodiments 104-113, wherein the derivative is SEQ ID NO: 36.-   117. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of    embodiments 104-116 for use as a medicament.-   118. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use as a medicament.-   119. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in the treatment of:    -   (i) prevention and/or treatment of all forms of diabetes, such        as hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance,        type 1 diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes, MODY (maturity        onset diabetes of the young), gestational diabetes, and/or for        reduction of HbA1C;    -   (ii) delaying or preventing diabetic disease progression, such        as progression in type 2 diabetes, delaying the progression of        impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to insulin requiring type 2        diabetes, delaying or preventing insulin resistance, and/or        delaying the progression of non-insulin requiring type 2        diabetes to insulin requiring type 2 diabetes;    -   (iii) prevention and/or treatment of eating disorders, such as        obesity, e.g. by decreasing food intake, reducing body weight,        suppressing appetite, inducing satiety; treating or preventing        binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and/or obesity induced        by administration of an antipsychotic or a steroid; reduction of        gastric motility; delaying gastric emptying; increasing physical        mobility; and/or prevention and/or treatment of comorbidities to        obesity, such as osteoarthritis and/or urine incontinence;    -   (iv) weight maintenance after successful weight loss (either        drug induced or by diet and exercise)—i.e. prevention of weight        gain after successful weight loss; (v) prevention and/or        treatment of liver disorders, such as hepatic steatosis,        non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic        steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation or fatty liver.-   120. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in prevention and/or treatment of all forms of diabetes, such as    hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1    diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes, MODY (maturity onset    diabetes of the young), gestational diabetes, and/or for reduction    of HbA1C.-   121. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in delaying or preventing diabetic disease progression, such as    progression in type 2 diabetes, delaying the progression of impaired    glucose tolerance (IGT) to insulin requiring type 2 diabetes,    delaying or preventing insulin resistance, and/or delaying the    progression of non-insulin requiring type 2 diabetes to insulin    requiring type 2 diabetes.-   122. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in prevention and/or treatment of eating disorders, such as    obesity, e.g. by decreasing food intake, reducing body weight,    suppressing appetite, inducing satiety; treating or preventing binge    eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and/or obesity induced by    administration of an antipsychotic or a steroid; reduction of    gastric motility; delaying gastric emptying; increasing physical    mobility; and/or prevention and/or treatment of comorbidities to    obesity, such as osteoarthritis and/or urine incontinence.-   123. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in weight maintenance after successful weight loss (either drug    induced or by diet and exercise)—i.e. prevention of weight gain    after successful weight loss.-   124. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in prevention and/or treatment of liver disorders, such as    hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),    non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation or fatty    liver.-   125. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in the treatment and/or prevention of weight management, obesity    and obesity related disorders.-   126. The derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103 for    use in the treatment and/or prevention of all forms of diabetes,    e.g. type 2 diabetes, and diabetes related disorders.-   127. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for    -   (i) prevention and/or treatment of all forms of diabetes, such        as hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance,        type 1 diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes, MODY (maturity        onset diabetes of the young), gestational diabetes, and/or for        reduction of HbA1C;    -   (ii) delaying or preventing diabetic disease progression, such        as progression in type 2 diabetes, delaying the progression of        impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to insulin requiring type 2        diabetes, delaying or preventing insulin resistance, and/or        delaying the progression of non-insulin requiring type 2        diabetes to insulin requiring type 2 diabetes;    -   (iii) prevention and/or treatment of eating disorders, such as        obesity, e.g. by decreasing food intake, reducing body weight,        suppressing appetite, inducing satiety; treating or preventing        binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and/or obesity induced        by administration of an antipsychotic or a steroid; reduction of        gastric motility; delaying gastric emptying; increasing physical        mobility; and/or prevention and/or treatment of comorbidities to        obesity, such as osteoarthritis and/or urine incontinence;    -   (iv) weight maintenance after successful weight loss (either        drug induced or by diet and exercise)—i.e. prevention of weight        gain after successful weight loss;    -   (v) prevention and/or treatment of liver disorders, such as        hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),        non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation or        fatty liver.-   128. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for prevention and/or treatment    of all forms of diabetes, such as hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes,    impaired glucose tolerance, type 1 diabetes, non-insulin dependent    diabetes, MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young), gestational    diabetes, and/or for reduction of HbA1C.-   129. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for delaying or preventing    diabetic disease progression, such as progression in type 2    diabetes, delaying the progression of impaired glucose tolerance    (IGT) to insulin requiring type 2 diabetes, delaying or preventing    insulin resistance, and/or delaying the progression of non-insulin    requiring type 2 diabetes to insulin requiring type 2 diabetes.-   130. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for prevention and/or treatment    of eating disorders, such as obesity, e.g. by decreasing food    intake, reducing body weight, suppressing appetite, inducing    satiety; treating or preventing binge eating disorder, bulimia    nervosa, and/or obesity induced by administration of an    antipsychotic or a steroid; reduction of gastric motility; delaying    gastric emptying; increasing physical mobility; and/or prevention    and/or treatment of comorbidities to obesity, such as osteoarthritis    and/or urine incontinence.-   131. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for weight maintenance after    successful weight loss (either drug induced or by diet and    exercise)—i.e. prevention of weight gain after successful weight    loss.-   132. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for prevention and/or treatment    of liver disorders, such as hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty    liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver    inflammation or fatty liver.-   133. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or    prevention of weight management, obesity and obesity related    disorders.-   134. Use of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103    for the manufacture of a medicament for treatment and/or prevention    of all forms of diabetes, e.g. type 2 diabetes, and diabetes related    disorders.-   135. A method of prevention and/or treatment of all forms of    diabetes, such as hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose    tolerance, type 1 diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes, MODY    (maturity onset diabetes of the young), gestational diabetes, and/or    for reduction of HbA1C comprising administering a pharmaceutically    active amount of the derivative according to any one of embodiments    1-103.-   136. A method of delaying or preventing diabetic disease    progression, such as progression in type 2 diabetes, delaying the    progression of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to insulin requiring    type 2 diabetes, delaying or preventing insulin resistance, and/or    delaying the progression of non-insulin requiring type 2 diabetes to    insulin requiring type 2 diabetes comprising administering a    pharmaceutically active amount of the derivative according to any    one of embodiments 1-103.-   137. A method of prevention and/or treatment of eating disorders,    such as obesity, e.g. by decreasing food intake, reducing body    weight, suppressing appetite, inducing satiety; treating or    preventing binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and/or obesity    induced by administration of an antipsychotic or a steroid;    reduction of gastric motility; delaying gastric emptying; increasing    physical mobility; and/or prevention and/or treatment of    comorbidities to obesity, such as osteoarthritis and/or urine    incontinence comprising administering a pharmaceutically active    amount of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103.-   138. A method of weight maintenance after successful weight loss    (either drug induced or by diet and exercise)—i.e. prevention of    weight gain after successful weight loss comprising administering a    pharmaceutically active amount of the derivative according to any    one of embodiments 1-103.-   139. A method of treatment and/or prevention of liver disorders,    such as hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease    (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation or    fatty liver comprising administering a pharmaceutically active    amount of the derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103.-   140. A method of treatment and/or prevention of weight management,    obesity and obesity related disorders comprising administering a    pharmaceutically active amount of the derivative according to any    one of embodiments 1-103.-   141. A method of treatment and/or prevention of all forms of    diabetes, e.g. type 2 diabetes, and diabetes related disorders    comprising administering a pharmaceutically active amount of the    derivative according to any one of embodiments 1-103.

EXAMPLES

This experimental part starts with a list of abbreviations, and isfollowed by a section including general methods for synthesising andcharacterising analogues and derivatives of the invention. Then followsa number of examples which relate to the preparation of specificderivatives of the invention, and at the end a number of examples havebeen included relating to the activity and properties of these analoguesand derivatives (section headed pharmacological methods).

Examples serve to illustrate the invention.

Materials and Methods List of Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in the following, in alphabeticalorder:

Ac: acetylAdo: 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acidAib: alpha-aminoisobutyric acidAUC: Area under the curve

BHK: Baby Hamster Kidney

Boc: t-butyloxycarbonylBW: body weightDCC: dicyclohexylcarbodiimideDCM: dichloromethaneDIC: diisopropylcarbodiimideDIO: diet-induced obeseDIPEA: N,N-diisopropylethylamine or Hünig's base

DLS-SI: Dynamic Light Scattering Stability Index DMEM: Dulbecco'sModified Eagle's Medium

DMF: dimethyl formamideDODT: 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiolEDTA: ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid

ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum

Fmoc: 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylGIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptideGLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1HFIP: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol or hexafluoroisopropanol

HMWP: High Molecular Weight Protein

HOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole

HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HSA: Human Serum Albumin

i.p.: intraperitonealIPGTT: intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testi.v.: intravenouslykcal: kilocaloriekg: kilogram

LCMS: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

MeCN: acetonitrilemM: millimolarMtt: 4-methyltritylNle: norleucineNMP: N-methyl pyrrolidoneOxyma Pure®: Cyano-hydroxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester

PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline

PK: pharmacokineticpM: picomolar

QTof: Quantitative Time of Flight

R_(h): Stoke radiuss.c.: subcutaneouslySD: Standard deviation

SEC-HPLC: Size Exclusion High Performance Liquid Chromatography SEC-MS:Size Exclusion Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

SEM: Standard error on the meantBu: t-butylTFA: trifluoroacetic acid

ThT: Thioflavin T

TIS: triisopropylsilaneTrt: triphenylmethyl (trityl)Trx: tranexamic acid

UPLC: Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography General Methods ofPreparation

This section relates to methods for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPSmethods, including methods for de-protection of amino acids, methods forcleaving the peptide from the resin, and for its purification), as wellas methods for detecting and characterising the resulting peptide (LCMSmethods).

Resins employed for the preparation of C-terminal peptide amides werePAL Amide AM resin (loading e.g. 0.6 mmol/g) or H-Rink Amide-ChemMatrixresin (loading e.g. 0.5 mmol/g) or Rink Amide AM polystyrene resin(loading e.g. 0.3-0.7 mmol/g). The resin employed for the preparation ofC-terminal peptide glycyl-acids was Fmoc-Gly-Wang polystyrene resin(loading e.g. 0.3-0.7 mmol/g).

The Fmoc-protected amino acid derivatives used, unless specificallystated otherwise, were the standard recommended: Fmoc-Ala-OH,Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-OH,Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH,Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Met-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH,Fmoc-Pro-OH, Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH (incase of method SPPS_A and SPPS_D) or Fmoc-Trp-OH (in case of methodsSPPS_B and SPPS_C), Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Val-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH,Fmoc-Aib-OH, Fmoc-Nle-OH, Fmoc-D-Tyr-(tBu)-OH, etc. supplied from e.g.AAPPTEC, Anaspec, Bachem, Chemlmpex, Iris Biotech, Midwest Biotech,Gyros Protein Technologies or Novabiochem. Where nothing else isspecified the natural L-form of the amino acids are used. When theN-terminal amino acid was not acetylated, the N-terminal amino acid wasBoc protected at the alpha amino group, either by using a reagent withthe Boc group pre-installed (e.g. Boc-Tyr(tBu)-OH for peptides with Tyrat the N-terminus) or by exchanging the N-terminal Fmoc protective groupfor the Boc protective group after installation of the amino acid at thepeptide N-terminus.

In case of modular albumin binding moiety attachment using SPPS, thefollowing suitably protected building blocks such as but not limited toFmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (Fmoc-Ado-OH), Fmoc-tranexamic acid(Fmoc-Trx-OH), Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, octadecanedioic acid mono-tert-butylester, nonadecanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester, eicosanedioic acidmono-tert-butyl ester, tetradecanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester, or4-(9-carboxynonyloxy) benzoic acid tert-butyl ester were used. Alloperations stated below were performed within a 100-450 μmol synthesisscale range.

Synthesis of Resin-Bound Protected Backbone Method: SPPS_A

SPPS was performed using Fmoc based chemistry on a SymphonyX Solid PhasePeptide Synthesizer from Protein Technologies (Tucson, Ariz. 85714U.S.A.). Fmoc-deprotection was achieved with 20% piperidine in DMF,containing 0.1M Oxyma Pure®. Peptide couplings were performed usingDIC/Oxyma Pure®. Amino acid/Oxyma Pure® solutions (0.3 M/0.3 M in DMF ata molar excess of 4-8 fold) were added to the resin followed by the samemolar equivalent of DIC (1.5M in DMF) and collidine (1.5M in DMF). Thestep-wise assembly was done using the following steps: 1) pre-swellingof resin with DCM and DMF; 2) Fmoc-deprotection by the use of 20%piperidine in DMF containing 0.1M Oxyma Pure® for two treatments of 10min each; 3) washes with DMF to remove piperidine; 4) coupling ofFmoc-amino acid with 4-8 eq. of Fmoc-amino acid as a 0.3M solution in0.3M Oxyma Pure® in DMF mixed with an equimolar volume of DIC andcollidine for 1-2 hours; 5) washes with DMF to remove excess reagents;6) final wash with DCM at the completion of the assembly. For peptidesbearing N-terminal acetylation, the Fmoc-deprotected peptidyl resin wastreated with 1M acetic anhydride in DMF for 30-60 min, and then washedwith DMF and DCM.

Method: SPPS_B

The protected peptidyl resin was synthesized according to the Fmocstrategy on an Applied Biosystems 431A solid-phase peptide synthesizerusing the manufacturer supplied general Fmoc protocols. Mixing wasaccomplished by vortexing and occasional bubbling with nitrogen. Thestep-wise assembly was done using the following steps: 1)Fmoc-deprotection by the use of 20% piperidine in NMP for one 3 mintreatment followed by one 15 min treatment; 2) washes with NMP to removepiperidine; 3) coupling of Fmoc-amino acid with 5-10 eq. of Fmoc-aminoacid, DIC, and HOBt in NMP for 45-90 min; 4) washes with NMP to removeexcess reagents; 5) final washes with DCM at the completion of theassembly. The standard protected amino acid derivatives listed abovewere supplied in preweighed cartridges (from e.g. Midwest Biotech), andnon-standard derivatives were weighed by hand. Some amino acids such as,but not limited to, those following a sterically hindered amino acid(e.g. Aib) were “double coupled” to ensure reaction completion, meaningthat after the first coupling (e.g. 45 min) the resin is drained, morereagents are added (Fmoc-amino acid, DIC, HOBt), and the mixture allowedto react again (e.g. 45 min). For peptides bearing N-terminalacetylation, the Fmoc-deprotected peptidyl resin was removed from thesynthesizer and manually treated with 10% (v/v) acetic anhydride/10%(v/v) pyridine in DMF for 30-60 min, then washed with DMF and DCM.

Method: SPPS_C

The protected peptidyl resin was synthesized according to the Fmocstrategy on a Protein Technologies SymphonyX solid-phase peptidesynthesizer using the manufacturer supplied protocols with minormodifications. The step-wise assembly was done on a 0.2 mmol basis usingthe following steps: 1) pre-swelling of resin in DMF (3×8 mL for 15 mineach); 2) Fmoc-deprotection by the use of 20% (v/v) piperidine in DMF(2×8 mL for 10 min each); 3) washes with DMF to remove piperidine (5×6mL); 4) coupling of Fmoc-amino acid by addition of a mixture ofFmoc-amino acid (12 equvi., 2.4 mmol) and Oxyma Pure® (12 equvi., 2.4mmol) as a 0.6 M solution in DMF (4 mL), followed by addition of DIC (12equvi., 2.4 mmol) as a 1.2 M solution in DMF (2 mL), and addition ofadditional DMF (2 mL), then mixing for 0.5-4 h; 4) washes with DMF toremove excess reagents (3×6 mL); 5) final wash with DCM at thecompletion of the assembly. Some amino acids such as, but not limitedto, those following a sterically hindered amino acid (e.g. Aib) werecoupled with an extended reaction time (e.g. 4 h) to ensure reactioncompletion. For peptides bearing N-terminal acetylation, or for peptideswhich required installation of an N-terminal protecting group prior toside chain assembly (e.g. exchange of Fmoc for Boc protecting group),the N-terminal Fmoc group was removed by treatment with 20% (v/v)piperidine in DMF as described above in step 2. Then the peptidyl resinwas removed from the synthesizer and manually treated with 10% (v/v)acetic anhydride/10% (v/v) DIPEA in DMF for 30-60 min, then washed withDMF and DCM.

Method: SPPS_D

The protected peptidyl resin was synthesized according to the Fmocstrategy on a Prelude solid phase peptide synthesiser (ProteinTechnologies, Tucson, USA) using the manufacturer supplied machineprotocols. Coupling was done by the use of DCC and Oxyma Pure® (Merck,Novabiochem, Switzerland) mediated couplings in NMP. The coupling of theFmoc-amino acid was done as described above using 4-8 time excess ofamino acid relative to resin substitution (4-8 equvi.). Coupling timeranged from 1-6 h. The Fmoc-Arg(pbf)-OH was coupled using a doublecoupling procedure (1 h+1 h). The step-wise solid phase assembly on thePrelude was done using the following steps: 1) deprotection (removal ofFmoc) by the use of 25% piperidine in NMP for 2×4 min., step 2) Wash(removal of piperidine) with NMP and DCM, step 3) Coupling of Fmoc-aminoacid (0.3 M Fmoc-amino acid in 0.3 M Oxyma Pure® in NMP) 4-8 equvi.excess for 1-4 h coupling initiated by adding 1/10 volume of 3 M DCC inNMP and 1/10 volume collidine in NMP. Mixing was done by occasionalbubbling with nitrogen, step 4) Wash (removal of excess amino acid andreagents by the use of NMP and DCM). The last step included washing withDCM which made the resin ready for attachment of a modifying group onlysine side chain.

Attachment of Side Chains to Resin Bound Protected Peptide BackboneMethod: SC_A

The N-epsilon-lysine Mtt protection group was removed by washing theresin with HFIP/TIS/DCM (75:2.5:22.5, v/v/v) (1×5 min and 2×20 min)before washing with piperidine, DMF and DCM.

Acylation was performed on a SymphonyX Solid Phase Peptide Synthesizerfrom Protein Technologies (Tucson, Ariz. 85714 U.S.A.) as described inmethod SPPS_A using stepwise addition of building blocks such as, butnot limited to, Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (Fmoc-Ado-OH),Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, Fmoc-tranexamic acid (Fmoc-Trx-OH). Introduction of thefatty acid moiety was achieved using method SPPS_A and a suitablebuilding block, such as, but not limited to, octadecanedioic acidmono-tert-butyl-ester or eicosanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester.

Method: SC_B

The N-epsilon-lysine protection Mtt protection group was removed bywashing the resin with 30% HFIP in DCM for two treatments of 45 mineach, following by washing with DCM and DMF.

Acylation was performed on an Applied Biosystems 431A solid-phasepeptide synthesizer using the protocols described in method SPPS_B usingstepwise addition of building blocks, such as, but not limited to,Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid, Fmoc-tranexamic acid,Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, octadecanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester, eicosanedioicacid mono-tert-butyl ester.

Method: SC_C

The N-epsilon-lysine Mtt protective group was removed by washing theresin with 30% (v/v) HFIP in DCM for two treatments of 1 h each,followed by washing with DCM and DMF. Acylation was performed on aSymphonyX Solid Phase Peptide Synthesizer from Protein Technologies(Tucson, Ariz. 85714 U.S.A.) as described in method SPPS_C with 4 hcoupling times using stepwise addition of building blocks such as, butnot limited to, Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (Fmoc-Ado-OH),Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, Fmoc-tranexamic acid (Fmoc-Trx-OH). Introduction of thefatty acid moiety was achieved using method SPPS_C with 4 h couplingtimes and a suitable building block, such as, but not limited to,octadecanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl-ester or eicosanedioic acidmono-tert-butyl ester. In certain cases where building blocks were notsoluble at a stock concentration of 0.6 M in DMF (e.g. Fmoc-Trx-OH andeicosanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester), stock concentrations of 0.3 Mwere prepared and the addition volume was doubled.

Method: SC_D

The N-epsilon-lysine protection Mtt protection group was removed bywashing the resin with 70% HFIP+3% TIS in DCM for two treatments of 15min each, following by washing with DCM and NMP.

Acylation was performed on a Prelude solid-phase synthesizer using theprotocols described in method SPPS_D using stepwise addition of buildingblocks, such as, but not limited to, Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoicacid, Fmoc-tranexamic acid, Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, octadecanedioic acidmono-tert-butyl ester, eicosanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester.

Method: SC_E

The N-epsilon-lysine Mtt protection group was removed by washing theresin with HFIP/TIS/DCM (75:5:20, v/v/v) (2×5 min and 2×30 min) beforewashing with DMF and DCM. Acylation was performed on a SymphonyX SolidPhase Peptide Synthesizer from Protein Technologies (Tucson, Ariz. 85714U.S.A.) as described in method SPPS_A using stepwise addition ofbuilding blocks such as, but not limited to,Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (Fmoc-Ado-OH), Fmoc-Glu-OtBu,Fmoc-tranexamic acid (Fmoc-Trx-OH). Introduction of the fatty acidmoiety was achieved using method SPPS_A and a suitable building block,such as, but not limited to, octadecanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl-esteror eicosanedioic acid mono-tert-butyl ester.

Cleavage of Resin Bound Peptide and Purification Method: CP_A

After synthesis the resin was washed with DCM, and the peptidyl resinsubject to a 1.5-3 h treatment with TFA/TIS/water (95:2.5:2.5, v/v/v)followed by precipitation with diethylether. The precipitate was washedwith diethylether and dissolved in a suitable mixture of water, aceticacid and/or MeCN. The crude peptide solution was purified byreversed-phase preparative HPLC (Waters Deltaprep 4000) on a columncontaining C18-silica gel. Elution was performed with an increasinggradient of MeCN in water containing 0.1% TFA. Relevant fractions werechecked by analytical UPLC. Fractions containing the pure target peptidewere pooled and freeze-dried.

When further purification was necessary, the lyophilized peptide TFAsalt isolated above was dissolved in a neutral aqueous buffer based oncommon salts such as, but not limited to, sodium hydrogen phosphate andpurified with reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Waters Deltaprep 4000) ona column containing C18-silica gel. Elution was performed with anincreasing gradient of MeCN in aqueous sodium phosphate (90 mM, pH 7.4).Relevant fractions were checked by analytical UPLC. Fractions containingthe pure target peptide were pooled and after dilution with water,applied to a second reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Waters Deltaprep4000) on a column containing C18-silica gel. Elution was performed withan increasing gradient of MeCN in water containing 0.1% TFA. Relevantfractions were pooled and freeze-dried to afford the TFA salt of thetarget peptide.

Method: CP_B

Following completion of the sidechain synthesis, the peptidyl resin waswashed with DCM and dried, then treated with TFA/water/TIS (92.5:5:2.5v/v/v, 10 mL) for 2 h, followed by precipitation with diethylether. Theprecipitate was washed with diethylether and dissolved in a suitablesolvent (e.g. 2:1 water/MeCN or 4:1 25 mM aqueous NH₄HCO₃/MeCN), withmodulation of solution pH if necessary for full peptide dissolution.Purification was performed by reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Waters2545 binary gradient module, Waters 2489 UV/Visible detector, Watersfraction collector III) on a Phenomenex Luna C8(2) column (10 μMparticle size, 100 Å pore size, 250×21.2 mm dimensions). Separation ofimpurities and product elution was accomplished using an increasinggradient MeCN in water containing 0.1% TFA. Relevant fractions werechecked by analytical LCMS. Fractions containing the pure target peptidewere pooled and freeze dried to afford the TFA salt of the targetpeptide.

Method: CP_C

After synthesis the resin was washed with DCM, and the peptidyl resinsubject to a 1.5-3 h treatment with TFA/TIS/water/anisole/DODT(90:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5, v/v/v/v) followed by precipitation withdiethylether. The precipitate was washed with diethylether and dissolvedin aqueous ammonium bicarbonate (concentration e.g. 50 mM) and vortexed.To this was added MeCN to afford a clear, yellow solution. This solutionwas then filtered via 0.22 um Stericup prior to being purified byreversed-phase preparative HPLC (Waters: 2545 pump, 2489 UV-vis,Fr.Collector III) on a column containing C18-silica gel. Elution wasperformed with an increasing gradient of MeCN in water containing 0.1%TFA. Relevant fractions were checked by analytical UPLC. Fractionscontaining the pure target peptide were pooled and freeze dried.

Salt Exchange—Formation of Sodium Salts. Method: SX_A:

The freeze-dried peptide isolated from method CP_A, CP_B, or CP_C wasdissolved in neutral to slightly basic (pH 7-8.5) aqueous sodiumcontaining buffers, e.g. 0.1-0.2M sodium acetate or sodium bicarbonatebuffers. The buffered solutions containing the peptide were saltexchanged using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (1-5 g): The cartridge was firstequilibrated with 4 column volumes of isopropanol, then 4 column volumesof MeCN, then 8 column volumes of water. The peptide solution wasapplied to the cartridge, and the flow through was reapplied to ensurecomplete retention of peptide. The cartridge was washed with 2-4 columnvolumes of water, then 4-15 column volumes of buffer solutions (e.g. pH7.5) containing sodium salts, such as, but not limited to, NaHCO₃,NaOAc, Na₂HPO₄. The peptide was eluted with 5-10 column volumes ofbetween 50-80% MeCN in water and lyophilized to afford the peptidesodium salt as a white solid, which was used as such.

Method: SX_B:

The peptide solution in H₂O/MeCN/TFA was adjusted with NaOH to pH 7-8with a maximum MeCN content of 20%. The mixture was then applied on areversed-phase preparative HPLC (Waters Deltaprep 4000) on a columncontaining C18-silica gel. First an equilibration was performed with ˜4column volumes of 0.1M NaOAc followed by flushing with 2 column volumesof water. Elution was performed with an increasing gradient of MeCN inwater Relevant fractions were checked by analytical UPLC. Fractionscontaining the pure target peptide sodium salt were pooled and freezedried.

General Methods of Detection and Characterisation LCMS Methods: Method:LCMS_34:

LCMS_34 was performed on a set up consisting of Waters Acquity UPLC HClass system and Waters Xevo G2-XS QTof. Eluents: A: 0.1% formic acid inMQ water; B: 0.1% formic acid in MeCN.

The analysis was performed at RT (column temp 40 C) by injecting anappropriate volume of the sample onto the column which was eluted with agradient of A and B. The UPLC conditions, detector settings, and massspectrometer settings were: Column: Waters Acquity BEH, C-18, 1.7 μm,2.1 mm×50 mm. Gradient: Linear 5%-95% B during 4.0 min at 0.4 ml/min.Detection: MS resolution mode, ionisation method: ES. Scan: 50-4000 amu.

Method: LCMS_27:

LCMS_27 was performed on a setup consisting of Agilent 1290 infinityseries UPLC system and Agilent Technologies LC/MSD TOF 6230 (G6230A).Eluents: A: 0.02% TFA in water: B: 0.02% TFA in MeCN.

The analysis was performed at RT (column temp 40 C) by injecting anappropriate volume of the sample onto the column which was eluted with agradient of A and B. Column: Eclipse C18+, 1.8 μm, 2.1 mm×50 mm.Gradient run time: Linear 5-95% B over 4.5 min, then 95% B for 0.5 min,95-5% B for 0.5 min, 5% B for 0.5 min at a flow rate of 0.40 ml/min.Detection: linear reflector mode (positive); Ionisation method: AgilentJet Stream source. Scan: 100-3200 (m/z)

Method: LCMS_01

LCMS_01 was performed on a setup consisting of Waters Acquity UPLCsystem and LCT Premier XE mass spectrometer from Micromass. Eluents: A:0.1% Formic acid in MQ water; B: 0.1% Formic acid in MeCN. The analysiswas performed at RT (column temp 40 C) by injecting an appropriatevolume of the sample onto the column which was eluted with a gradient ofA and B. The UPLC conditions, detector settings and mass spectrometersettings were: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH, C-18, 1.7 μm, 2.1 mm×50mm. Gradient: Linear 5%-95% B during 4.0 min at 0.4 ml/min. Detection:214 nm (analogue output from TUV (Tunable UV detector)) MS ionisationmode: API-ES. Scan: 500-2000 amu.

Example 1 Synthesis of GIP Derivatives

The derivatives of the invention were synthesised according to thegeneral methods of preparation as described above.

hGIP(1-42);(SEQ ID NO: 1): H—Y A E G T F I S D Y S I A M D K I H Q Q DF V N W L L A Q K G K K N D W K H N I T Q—OH

General methods used: SPPS_D, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4983.53 g/mol.

LCMS01: found (M+4H)4+ 1246.17.

hGIP(1-31);(SEQ ID NO: 2): H—Y A E G T F I S D Y S I A M D K IH Q Q D F V N W L L A Q K G—OH

General methods used: SPPS_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 3589.98 g/mol.

LCMS01: found (M+3H)3+ 1197.61.

Compound 1 (SEQ ID NO: 6)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4302.87 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+4H)4+ 1076.82.

Compound 2 (SEQ ID NO: 7)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4283.82 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+4H)4+ 1071.82.

Compound 3 (SEQ ID NO: 8)N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4502.20 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1501.50.

Compound 4 (SEQ ID NO: 9)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4470.12 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1118.11.

Compound 5 (SEQ ID NO: 10) N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4344.91 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1449.10.

Compound 6 (SEQ ID NO: 11)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_B, SC_B, CP_B, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4512.16 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1504.79.

Compound 7 (SEQ ID NO: 12)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_B, SC_B, CP_B, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4330.88 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1444.41.

Compound 8 (SEQ ID NO: 13)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_B, SC_B, CP_B, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4498.13 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+1500.12.

Compound 9 (SEQ ID NO: 14)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_B, SC_B, CP_B

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4303.86 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1435.08.

Compound 10 (SEQ ID NO: 15)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4471.10 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1490.79.

Compound 11 (SEQ ID NO: 16)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4259.85 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1420.74.

Compound 12 (SEQ ID NO: 17)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4427.09 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1476.45.

Compound 13 (SEQ ID NO: 18)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Ala16,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4245.78 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1416.06.

Compound 14 (SEQ ID NO: 19)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Ala16,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4413.02 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1471.77.

Compound 15 (SEQ ID NO: 20)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_B, SC_B, CP_B, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4362.97 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1455.09.

Compound 16 (SEQ ID NO: 21)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4363.95 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1455.42.

Compound 17 (SEQ ID NO: 22)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_B, SC_B, CP_B, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4621.19 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1541.12.

Compound 18 (SEQ ID NO: 23)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4330.88 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1444.40.

Compound 19 (SEQ ID NO: 24)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Asp14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4365.88 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1456.07.

Compound 20 (SEQ ID NO: 25)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4413.92 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1472.07.

Compound 21 (SEQ ID NO: 26)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4581.17 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1527.78.

Compound 22 (SEQ ID NO: 27)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4480.07 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1494.13.

Compound 23 (SEQ ID NO: 28)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4499.11 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1500.47.

Compound 24 (SEQ ID NO: 29)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4436.06 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1479.46.

Compound 25 (SEQ ID NO: 30)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4455.10 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1485.81.

Compound 26 (SEQ ID NO: 31)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4509.20 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1503.84.

Compound 27 (SEQ ID NO: 32)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4490.15 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1497.49.

Compound 28 (SEQ ID NO: 33)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4537.21 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+4H)4+ 1135.13.

Compound 29 (SEQ ID NO: 34)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4518.16 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+4H)4+ 1130.37.

Compound 30 (SEQ ID NO: 35)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4627.24 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+4H)4+ 1130.37.

Compound 31 (SEQ ID NO: 36)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4551.23 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1517.81.

Compound 32 (SEQ ID NO: 37)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_C, SC_C, CP_C, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4532.19 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+3H)3+ 1511.44.

Compound 33 (SEQ ID NO: 38)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5678.32 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1420.54.

Compound 34 (SEQ ID NO: 39)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5697.36 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1425.29.

Compound 35 (SEQ ID NO: 40)N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5725.41 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1432.25.

Compound 36 (SEQ ID NO: 41)N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Asp34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5711.39 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1428.75.

Compound 37 (SEQ ID NO: 42)N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5744.46 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1437.03.

Compound 38 (SEQ ID NO: 43)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5693.33 g/mol

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1424.24

Compound 39 (SEQ ID NO: 44)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Glu33,Asp34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5679.30 g/mol

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1420.79.

Compound 40 (SEQ ID NO: 45)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5712.37 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1429.00.

Compound 41 (SEQ ID NO: 46)N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5911.71 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1478.81.

Compound 42 (SEQ ID NO: 47)N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Glu33,Glu34]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5879.62 g/mol.

LCMS_27: found (M+4H)4+ 1470.81.

Compound 43 (SEQ ID NO: 59)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_E, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4358.08 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+3H)3+ 1452.82.

Compound 44 (SEQ ID NO: 60)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_E, CP_A, SX_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4454.21 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+3H)3+ 1484.83.

Compound 45 (SEQ ID NO: 61)N{Epsilon-24}-[2-[2-[2-[[2-[2-[2-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-[Aib2,Leu14,Lys24]-hGIP

General methods used: SPPS_D, SC_D, CP_A

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 5709.46 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+4H)4+ 1428.36.

Compound 46 (SEQ ID NO: 62)N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide

General methods used: SPPS_A, SC_A, CP_A, SX_B

Molecular weight (average) calculated: 4383.99 g/mol.

LCMS_34: found (M+3H)3+ 1461.99.

Pharmacological Methods

The utility of the derivatives of the present invention aspharmacologically active agents in the reduction of weight gain andtreatment of obesity in mammals, such as humans, and for the treatmentof diabetes and NASH may be demonstrated by the activity of the agonistsin conventional assays and in the in vitro and in vivo assays describedbelow.

Such assays also provide a means whereby the activities of thederivatives of the invention can be compared with activities of knowncompounds.

Example 2 In Vitro Potency (CRE Luciferase; Whole Cells)

The purpose of this example is to test the activity, or potency, of thederivatives in vitro at the human GIP receptor as well as at the humanGLP-1 receptor and the human glucagon receptor. The in vitro potency isthe measure of human GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptor activation,respectively, in a whole cell assay.

The potencies of the derivatives of Example 1 were determined asdescribed below. hGIP and C-terminal truncated hGIP(1-31) as well ashGLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID NO: 4) and human glucagon (hGcg) (SEQ ID NO: 5)were included for comparison.

Principle:

In vitro potency was determined by measuring the response of the humanGIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptor in a reporter gene assay in individualcell lines. The assay was performed in stably transfected BHK cell linesthat expresses either the human GIP receptor, the human GLP-1 receptoror the human glucagon receptor and where each contains the DNA for thecAMP response element (CRE) coupled to a promoter and the gene forfirefly luciferase (CRE luciferase). When the respective receptor isactivated it results in the production of cAMP, which in turn results inthe luciferase protein being expressed. When assay incubation iscompleted the luciferase substrate (luciferin) is added and the enzymeconverts luciferin to oxyluciferin to produce bioluminescence. Theluminescence is measured as the readout for the assay.

Cell Culture and Preparation

The cells used in this assay (BHK CRE luc2P hGIPR clone #5, BHK CREluc2P hGLP-1R clone #6, BHK CRE luc2P hGCGR clone #18) were BHK cellswith BHKTS13 as a parent cell line. The cells were derived from a clonecontaining the CRE luciferase element and were established by furthertransfection with the respective receptor to obtain the current clone.

The cells were cultured at 5% CO₂ in Cell Culture Medium. They werealiquoted and stored in liquid nitrogen. The cells were kept in passageand were seeded out the day before each assay.

Materials

The following chemicals were used in the assay: Pluronic F-68 (10%)(Gibco 2404), human serum albumin (HSA) (Sigma A9511), 10% FBS (fetalbovine serum; Invitrogen 16140-071), fetal ovalbumin (Sigma A5503), DMEMw/o phenol red (Gibco 11880-028), 1 M Hepes (Gibco 15630), Glutamax 100×(Gibco 35050), G418 (Invitrogen 10131-027), hygromycin (Invitrogen10687-010), 1% pen/strep (penicillin/streptomycin; Invitrogen 15140-122)and steadylite plus (PerkinElmer 6016757).

Buffers

Cell Culture Medium consisted of DMEM medium with 10% FBS, 1 mg/ml G418,1 mg/ml hygromycin and 1% pen/strep (penicillin/streptomycin; Invitrogen15140-122).

Assay Medium consisted of DMEM w/o phenol red, 10 mM Hepes and 1×Glutamax. The Assay Buffer consisted of 1% ovalbumin and 0.1% PluronicF-68 in Assay Medium with the addition of human serum albumin at twicethe indicated concentrations. The assay Medium was mixed 1:1 with anequal volume of the test compound in Assay Buffer to give the finalassay concentration of serum albumin.

Procedure

1) Cells were plated at 5000 cells/well and incubated overnight.2) Cells were washed three times in PBS.3) Assay Medium (50 μl aliquot) with or without serum albumin was addedto each well in the assay plate.4) Stocks of the test compounds and reference compounds were diluted toa concentration of 0.2 μM in Assay Buffer. Compounds were diluted10-fold to give the following concentrations: 2×10⁻⁷ M, 2×10⁻⁸ M; 2×10⁻⁹M, 2×10⁻¹⁰ M, 2×10⁻¹¹ M, 2×10⁻¹² M, 2×10⁻¹³ M, and 2×10⁻¹⁴ M.5) A 50 μl aliquot of compound or blank was transferred from thedilution plate to the assay plate. Compounds were tested at thefollowing final concentrations: 1×10⁻⁷ M, 1×10⁻⁸ M; 1×10⁻⁹ M, 1×10⁻¹⁰ M,1×10⁻¹¹ M, 1×10⁻¹² M, 1×10-13 M, and 1×10⁻¹⁴ M.6) The assay plate was incubated for 3 h in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C.7) The assay plate was removed from the incubator and allowed to standat room temperature for 15 min.8) The cells were washed three times with PBS plus some liquid in eachwell.9) A 100 μl aliquot of steadylite plus reagent was added to each well ofthe assay plate (reagent was light sensitive).10) Each assay plate was covered with aluminum foil to protect it fromlight and shaken for 30 min at room temperature.11) Each assay plate was read in a microtiter plate reader.

Calculations and Results

The data from the microtiter plate reader was transferred to GraphPadPrism software. The software performs a non-linear regression(log(agonist) vs response). EC₅₀ values which were calculated by thesoftware and reported in pM are shown in Table 1 below.

A minimum of two replicates was measured for each sample. The reportedvalues are averages of the replicates.

TABLE 1 Potencies, EC₅₀ hGIP-R, hGLP-1-R, hGcg-R CRE Luc CRE Luc CRE LucCompound 0.2% HSA 0.2% HSA 0.2% HSA No. EC₅₀ (pM) EC₅₀ (pM) EC₅₀ (pM)hGIP(1-42) 4.98 >100000 >100000 hGIP(1-31) 2.24 nd ndhGLP-1(7-37) >100000      3.9*   >100000* hGcg >100000    1094     14.3 1 40.49  >100000*  >100000* 2 49.89  >100000*  >100000* 3 44.74 nd nd 472.12 nd nd 5 20.90  >10000* nd 6 134.67 nd nd 7 48.93 nd nd 8 179.57 ndnd 9 62.94 nd nd 10 252.27 nd nd 11 9.40 nd nd 12 71.17 nd nd 13 72.47nd nd 14 265.53 nd nd 15 30.44 nd nd 16 25.03 nd nd 17 43.10 nd nd 18545.53 nd nd 19 91.53 nd nd 20 158.46 nd nd 21 810.27 nd nd 22 547.20 ndnd 23 135.62 nd nd 24 152.88 nd nd 25 123.86  >10000* nd 26 61.50 nd nd27 67.47 nd nd 28 76.23 nd nd 29 71.19 nd nd 30 84.20 nd nd 31 26.05 >10000*  >100000* 32 38.35 nd nd 33 21.29  >100000*  >100000* 34 20.15 >100000*  >100000* 35 5.45 >100000 >100000 36 5.97 >100000 >100000 374.12 >100000 >100000 38 9.00 >100000 >100000 39 5.90 >100000 >100000 404.47 >100000 >100000 41 14.00 nd nd 42 22.00 nd nd 45 56.00  >100000* >100000* 46 21.2 >100000 nd *Assay performed in presence of 1% HSA; nd= not determined.

The derivatives of the present invention all display good GIP potencyand substantially no activity or no measurable activity at the humanGLP-1 receptor and the human glucagon receptor under the givenconditions.

Example 3 Pharmacokinetic Study in Minipigs

The purpose of this study is to determine the half-life in vivo of thederivatives of the present invention after i.v. administration tominipigs, i.e. the prolongation of their time in the body and therebytheir time of action. This is done in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study,where the terminal half-life of the derivative in question isdetermined. By terminal half-life is generally meant the period of timeit takes to halve a certain plasma concentration, measured after theinitial distribution phase.

Study:

Female Göttingen minipigs were obtained from Ellegaard GöttingenMinipigs (Dalmose, Denmark) approximately 7-14 months of age andweighing from approximately 16-35 kg were used in the studies. Theminipigs were housed individually and fed restrictedly once daily withSDS minipig diet (Special Diets Services, Essex, UK).

After at 3 weeks of acclimatisation two permanent central venouscatheters were implanted in vena cava caudalis in each animal. Theanimals were allowed 1 week recovery after the surgery, and were thenused for repeated pharmacokinetic studies with a suitable wash-outperiod between successive derivative dosing.

The animals were fasted for approximately 18 hours before dosing andfrom 0 to 4 hours after dosing, but had ad libitum access to waterduring the whole period.

The GIP derivatives of Examples 1 were dissolved in an 8 mM sodiumphosphate buffer pH 7.8, containing, 236 mM propylene glycol to aconcentration of 50 nmol/ml. Intravenous injections (the volumecorresponding to usually 5 nmol/kg, for example 0.1 ml/kg) of thecompounds were given through one catheter, and blood was sampled atpredefined time points for up till 13 days post dosing (preferablythrough the other catheter). Blood samples (for example 0.8 ml) werecollected in EDTA buffer (8 mM) and then centrifuged at 4° C. and 1942Gfor 10 minutes.

Sampling and Analysis:

Plasma was pipetted into Micronic tubes on dry ice, and kept at −20° C.until analysed for plasma concentration of the respective GIP peptidederivative using ELISA or a similar antibody based assay or LCMS.Individual plasma concentration-time profiles were analysed by anon-compartmental model in Phoenix WinNonLin ver. 6.4. (Pharsight Inc.,Mountain View, Calif., USA), and the resulting terminal half-lives(harmonic mean) determined.

Results:

TABLE 2 Half-life (t_(1/2)) t_(1/2) (hours) Compounds harmonic mean no.n (min-max) 3 3 96 (93-98) 4 3 124 (116-132) 5 2 79 (73-79) 6 3 125(121-130) 7 2 84 (82-87) 8 3 106 (92-118) 11 2 89 (86-91) 12 3 132(120-141) 15 2 81 (80-82) 17 3 88 (86-91) 23 3 119 (112-126) 24 3 125(122-127) 25 2 125 (119-134) 26 3 109 (101-118) 27 3 147 (145-151) 28 3104 (91-116) 29 3 119 (103-138) 30 3 99 (88-107) 31 2 128 (125-130) 32 3121 (100-137)

The tested GIP derivatives have very long half-lives as compared to thehalf-life of hGIP(1-42) measured in man to be about 5 min [Meier et al.,Diabetes, Vol. 59, 2004, 654-662] or 7 min [Deacon et al., J. Clin.Endocrinol. & Metab., Vol. 85, No. 10, 2000, 3575-3581].

Example 4 Physical Stability of Peptide Compositions (ThT FibrillationAssay and DLS_SI)

The purpose of this study is to assess the physical stability of thederivatives of the invention in aqueous solutions in a ThT assay andDLS-SI assay as explained below.

ThT Assay:

The Thioflavin T assay was performed as outlined in Schlein (2017), AAPSJ, 19(2), 397-408.

Low physical stability of a peptide may lead to amyloid fibrilformation, which is observed as well-ordered, thread-like macromolecularstructures in the sample, which eventually may lead to gel formation.This has traditionally been measured by visual inspection of the sample.However, that kind of measurement is very cumbersome and depending onthe observer. Therefore, the application of a small molecule indicatorprobe is much more advantageous. Thioflavin T (ThT) is such a probe andhas a distinct fluorescence signature when binding to fibrils [Naiki etal. (1989) Anal. Biochem. 177, 244-249; LeVine (1999) Methods. Enzymol.309, 274-284].

The time course for fibril formation can be described by a sigmoidalcurve with the following expression [Nielsen et al. (2001) Biochemistry40, 6036-6046]:

$\begin{matrix}{F = {f_{i} + {m_{i}t} + \frac{f_{f} + {m_{f}t}}{1 + e^{- {\lbrack{{({t - t_{0}})}/\tau}\rbrack}}}}} & {{Eq}.(1)}\end{matrix}$

Here, F is the ThT fluorescence at the time t. The constant t0 is thetime needed to reach 50% of maximum fluorescence. The two importantparameters describing fibril formation are the lag-time calculated byt0−2τ and the apparent rate constant kapp 1/τ.

Formation of a partially folded intermediate of the peptide is suggestedas a general initiating mechanism for fibrillation. Few of thoseintermediates nucleate to form a template onto which furtherintermediates may assembly and the fibrillation proceeds. The lag-timecorresponds to the interval in which the critical mass of nucleus isbuilt up and the apparent rate constant is the rate with which thefibril itself is formed.

Samples are prepared freshly before each assay. The drug substance wassolved with 250 μM of the GIP derivative in 8 mM phosphate, 14 mg/mLpropylene glycol, 58 mM phenol, pH 7.4. The pH of the sample wasadjusted to the desired value using appropriate amounts of concentratedNaOH and HCl. Thioflavin T was added to the samples from a stocksolution in H₂O to a final concentration of 1 μM.

Sample aliquots of 200 μl were placed in each well of a 96 wellmicrotiter plate (Packard OptiPlate™-96, white polystyrene). Fourreplica of each sample (corresponding to one test condition) was placedin one column of wells. The plate was sealed with Scotch Pad (Qiagen).

Incubation, shaking and measurement of the ThT fluorescence emissionwere done in a Fluoroskan Ascent FL fluorescence platereader (ThermoLabsystems). The plate was incubated at 37° C. with orbital shakingadjusted to 960 rpm with an amplitude of 1 mm. Fluorescence measurementwas done using excitation through a 444 nm filter and measurement ofemission through a 485 nm filter. The assay was completed after 45 hoursof incubation.

Each run was initiated by incubating the plate at the assay temperaturefor 10 min. The plate was measured every 20 minutes for a desired periodof time. Between each measurement, the plate was shaken and heated asdescribed.

After completion of the ThT assay the replica of each sample was pooledand centrifuged at 20000 rpm for 30 minutes at 18° C. The supernatantwas filtered through a 0.22 μm filter and an aliquot was transferred toa HPLC vial. The concentration of the filtered sample relative to theinitial sample (in percentage) was reported as the recovery.

The measurement points were saved in Microsoft Excel format for furtherprocessing and curve drawing and fitting was performed using GraphPadPrism. The background emission from ThT in the absence of fibrils wasnegligible. The data points were a mean of the four replica and shownwith standard deviation error bars. Only data obtained in the sameexperiment (i.e. samples on the same plate) were presented in the samegraph ensuring a relative measure of fibrillation between experiments.

The data set may be fitted to Eq. (1). However, the lag time beforefibrillation reported herein was determined by visual inspection of thecurve identifying the time point at which ThT fluorescence increasessignificantly above the background level. No increase in ThTfluorescence during the duration of the assay was reported as a lag timeof 45 hours.

Dynamic Light Scattering Stability Index (DLS-SI) for Evaluation ofPhysical Stability of Peptides in Solution:

The hydrodynamic radius (R_(h), synonym: Stokes radius) of a peptide insolution is an indicator for the size and oligomeric state of thebiomolecule in solution and can be measured by dynamic light scattering(DLS). Changes in hydrodynamic radius (R_(h)) over time can be anindicator for changes in size and oligomeric state and therefore anindicator for physical instability of the peptide in solution.

Samples were freshly prepared before each assay. The drug substance wassolved with 250 μM of the GIP derivative in 8 mM phosphate, 14 mg/mLpropylene glycol, 58 mM phenol, pH 7.4. The pH of the sample wasadjusted to the desired value using appropriate amounts of concentratedNaOH and HCl.

400 μL of each freshly prepared sample were filtered through non-sterileWhatman® Anotop® 10 syringe filter with 0.02 μm pore size whereby thefirst two drops were discarded. 25 μL filtered sample was placed perwell in a 384 well microtiter plate (Corning® 3540 Polystyrene, blackwith flat, clear bottom), each sample was analysed as three replicas.Sample in each well was covered with 15 μL Silicone oil (Sigma-Aldrich,viscosity 20 cSt at 25° C.). Plate was centrifuged for 5 min at 1200 rpm(Eppendorf® centrifuge 5430, rotor A 2 MTP) and placed in Wyatt DynaProPlate Reader II for 30 min before start of measurement for temperatureequilibration of sample to 25° C. The Wyatt DynaPro Plate Reader II wasequipped with 830 nm laser and the software Dynamics v7.5. Each samplein each well was analysed with a data acquisition interval of 5 sec and40 acquisitions per sample. After measurement plate was covered withAdhesive Film for Microplates (VWR polypropylene heat resistant film)and incubated for 4 weeks at 25° C. The samples were re-measured by DLSafter 1, 2 and 4 weeks with same parameter. After measurement the dataof each sample were first filtered by the Dynamics software v7.5 withMinimum Amplitude: 0.03, Maximum Amplitude: 1, Baseline Limit (1+/−):0.005 and Maximum SOS: 100. Afterwards the time-autocorrelation functionof each measured sample was peer reviewed before calculation of DLS-SIaccording to Eq. (2).

In the DLS-SI assay changes of cumulant R_(h) are defined as stabilityindex depending on the time by:

$\begin{matrix}{{{DLSSI}\mspace{14mu} (t)} = \frac{{{R_{h}(t)} - {R_{h}\left( t_{0} \right)}}}{2\; \sigma}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} (2)}\end{matrix}$

with DLS-SI as stability index depending on time (t), the differencebetween the cumulant hydrodynamic radius, R_(h) at the begin (t₀) andend (t) of the stability investigation normalised by the statisticalsignificant variability 2σ. The analytical variability ofR_(h)-measurements under such conditions was comprehensive investigatedand resulted in σ=0.3 nm. A DLS-SI value larger than 1 represents astatistical significant change in R_(h). The larger the DLS-SI value themore changes R_(h) over time.

Results:

TABLE 3 ThT assay lag time and recovery at pH 7.4, and DLS-SI. ThT AssayThT Assay DLS-SI DLS-SI Compound Lag Recovery Dimen- precip- No. time(h) (%) sionless itates hGIP(1-42) 0.33 0   1^(#)  No^(#) hGIP(1-31) 049 1000^(##) Yes^(##)  1 >45 104.5 1.7 No  2 >45 111.5 0   No  3 >45 1000   No  4 >45 100 0.6 No  5 >45 101 1.1 No  6 >45 100 1.7 No  7 >45 1001.7 No  8 >45 100 0.6 No 10 >45 95 1.7 No 11 >45 100 0   No 12 >45 1150.6 No 15 >45 101 1.7 No 17 >45 105 0.6 No 21 >45 104 0   No 22 >45 1001.7 No 23 >45 100 1.7 No 24 >45 100 1.7 No 25 >45 104 1.7 No 26 >45 1040   No 27 >45 102 1.7 No 28 >45 100 0   No 29 >45 102 0   No 30 >45 1001.1 No 31 >45 101 0.6 No 32 >45 100 1.7 No 33 >45 88 nd nd 34 >45 88 ndnd  43* >45 100 0   No  44** nd nd nd nd 45 >45 93 6.7 No 46 >45 103 1.5No nd = not determined; ^(#)concentration of hGIP(1-42) in DLS-SI wasonly 156 μM instead of 250 μM as described under sample preparation.^(##)concentration of hGIP(1-31) in DLS-SI was only 5 μM instead of 250μM as described under sample preparation. *concentration was only 162 μMinstead of 250 μM as described under sample preparation. **Compound notsoluble at given pH.

The GIP derivatives tested in ThT assay shows no fibril formation after45 hours (lag time) and very high recovery, i.e. the concentration ofGIP derivative recovered after the assay relative to the initialconcentration compared to hGIP(1-42) and hGIP(1-31). Further, thetendency of hGIP(1-42) and hGIP(1-31) to form fibrils in solution isshown.

DLS-SI data shows no or only little increase in hydrodynamic radius forthe hGIP(1-42) and the GIP derivatives of the invention, precipitationwas not visible. The change of R_(h) over time was significant forhGIP(1-31) and the formation of large aggregates became visible asprecipitation in the DLS instrument.

Accordingly, the GIP derivatives of the invention have a high physicalstability as compared to hGIP(1-42) and hGIP(1-31).

Example 5 Chemical Stability of GIP Derivative Compositions

The aim of this study is to determine the chemical stability of GIPderivative compositions. As a measure of stability of the GIP derivativecomposition, the formation of high molecular weight peptide formation (%HMWP) as a function of time was analysed by size-exclusionchromatography (SEC-MS). Further, the purity loss of the GIP derivativecompositions was measured by LCMS.

Formulations:

Samples for chemical stability assays were freshly prepared before eachassay. The drug substance was solved with 250 μM of the GIP derivativein 8 mM phosphate, 14 mg/mL propylene glycol, 58 mM phenol, pH 7.4. ThepH of the sample was adjusted to the desired value using appropriateamounts of concentrated NaOH and HCl.

Incubation:

The formulations of the respective GIP derivatives were stored in anincubator at 37° C. for 4 weeks before being tested on HMWP formationand purity loss, as described below.

HMWP Formation Analysis:

Formation of covalent oligomers (HMWPs) was analysed and identified by aSEC-MS method. A Waters Acquity i-class UPLC equipped with AcquityBEH200 SEC column, 4.6 mm×150 mm, 1.7 μm particle size and pore size of200 Å. Isocratic elution with 0.05% TFA in 55% MeCN was performed at acolumn temperature of 45° C. and a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The LCsystem was coupled to both a TUV detector operated at 215 nm, 10 Hz anda high resolution QToF mass spectrometer from Waters (Synapt G2S)operated in positive ion mode and m/z range of 100 to 4000 with normalresolution setting. Lock mass correction against Leu-Enkephalin was doneevery 31 sec. Spectra were processed in MassLynx version 4.1 and MaxEntdeconvoluted. Results are shown in table 5.

Purity Analysis by LCMS:

For accelerated chemical stability testing relevant samples wereanalysed on a Waters Acquity I-class UPLC system coupled with a WatersSynapt G2S high resolution QToF mass spectrometry system for purity andimpurity identification and characterisation. The UPLC system was fittedwith a Waters Acquity CSH C18 column with a particle size of 1.7 μm andinternal diameter of 1 mm and length of 150 mm. The column oven was keptat 55° C. The solvent used was 0.1% formic acid in water (Eluent A),premixed from Thermo (Optima LS118-1) and for the B eluent 0.1% formicacid in MeCN also premixed from Thermo (Optima LS120-1). The solventswere pumped from a binary solvent manager system and mixed on the highpressure side in a mixer with a volume of 50 μl. The gradient and flowcan be seen in table 4:

TABLE 4 LC Gradient table Time Flow rate (min) (ml/min) % A % B Curve  00.1 70 30 Initial 40 0.1 46 54 6 41 0.1  5 95 6 45 0.1  5 95 6 46 0.1 7030 6 50 0.1 70 30 6

A Flow-through-needle auto sampler at 8° C. was used to inject 1 μl ofeach sample. The effluent passed through a tuneable UV detector (TUV)tuned to 215 nm. The outlet from the UV detector passed to theelectrospray source of the mass spectrometer. The capillary was held at3 kV and dry nitrogen gas was purged at a flow of 750 l/h and atemperature of 250° C. The source block was kept at 120° C. and thelarge bore cone was flushed with nitrogen at 50 l/h with standardelectrode potentials on the rest of the instrument. The MS was operatedin high resolution mode with a nominal resolution of 35000. The ToFanalyser was operated in ADC mode with an m/z window from 100-2000. Asecond function with higher collision energy in the trap T-wave regionwas used for MSE type experiment with the high energy ramp having avoltage between 32 and 52 V.

Results:

TABLE 5 HMWP Formation and purity loss at 37° C. Compound HMWP formationPurity loss No. (%/month) (%/month) hGIP(1-42) 2.0 73.1 hGIP(1-31) 0.1586.9 1 0.30 5.60 2 0.25 3.47 3 0.90 2.80 4 0.50 2.00 5 0.15 2.89 6 0.505.20 7 0.00 1.70 8 0.80 6.00 10 1.50 4.80 11 −0.44 2.64 12 0.70 4.40 150.24 0.74 17 −0.30 4.00 21 0.40 3.20 22 0.10 4.80 23 0.40 1.60 24 0.703.60 25 0.40 2.00 26 1.30 4.40 27 0.85 1.09 28 0.08 1.49 29 0.31 2.10 300.10 1.14 31 −0.24 0.49 32 0.66 2.80 33 0.32 34.50 45 8.17 47.22 46−0.09 2.96

As seen from table 5, the GIP derivatives of the present invention showslow formation of HMWPs and have low purity loss per month. Accordingly,they are considered to be chemically stable in solution.

Example 6 Sub-Chronic In Vivo Studies in Obese Mice

The purpose of this example is to assess the in vivo effect of the GIPderivatives of the present invention alone and in combination with aGLP-1 receptor agonist on food intake, body weight, and glucosetolerance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The GLP-1 receptor agonistused for this example was a semaglutide-like molecule that has the samepharmacological properties as semaglutide, but a slightly differentstructure. The compound may be synthesised using methods known in theart, e.g. as described by methods of present Example 1 or as describedin WO 2006/097537, example 4.

Semaglutide-Like Molecule (Compound No. 47; SEQ ID NO: 58)N^(6,26)-{18-[N-(17-carboxyheptadecanoyl)-D-γ-glutamyl]-10-oxo-3,6,12,15-tetraoxa-9,18-diazaoctadecanoyl}-[8-(2-amino-2-propanoicacid), 34-L-arginine]human glucagon-like peptide 1(7-37)

The animals were treated once daily with the GLP-1 receptor agonist(compound no. 47) and/or a GIP derivative of the present inventionexemplified by compound no.'s 5, 25 and 31, to assess weight loss,efficacy and glucose tolerance.

Animals and Diet

All animal protocols were approved by an Institutional Animal Care andUse Committee and Ethical Review Committee of Novo Nordisk. Animals werehoused according to Novo Nordisk rodent housing standards, and weregiven ad libitum access to food and water under controlled lighting (12h:12 h light/dark cycle; lights off 18:00-06:00), temperature (23±2° C.)and relative humidity (50±20%) conditions. DIO male C57BL/6J micemaintained on a high fat diet (45% kcal fat, RD12451, Research Diets,New Brunswick, N.J., USA) for 22 weeks were obtained from Charles River(France). Upon arrival, the mice were single-housed (one mouse per cage)and allowed to acclimate to their new environment for two weeks prior tothe start of treatment.

Group Allocation and Dosing

Prior to initiation of the study, animals were single-housed andacclimated to handling for 7 days. The DIO mice were distributed intogroups (n=8/group) such that statistical variations in the mean andstandard deviations of fat mass and body weight were minimized betweengroups. Animals were dosed once daily, subcutaneously with eithervehicle or test compound.

Formulation Buffers

All compounds in the study were formulated in the following buffer: 50mM phosphate; 70 mM sodium chloride; 0.05% polysorbate 80, pH 7.4.Dosing solutions were formulated in glass vials and stored at 2-8° C.Dosing solutions were brought to room temperature before dosing andreturned to 2-8° C. after dosing.

Body Weight and Food Intake

Body weight (BW) and food intake were measured immediately prior todosing each day. The average starting body weight of the mice prior tostart of treatment was 45.2±0.2 grams. Results are shown in Tables 6-8.

IPGTT (Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test)

On the day of the glucose tolerance test (day 15), animals were fastedfor 4 h. Food was removed and animals were transferred to fresh cages.Animals had access to water but not to food. Tail blood glucose levelswere measured and mice were injected (t=0) with an intra-peritoneal(i.p.) glucose load of 2 g/kg (200 mg/ml glucose solution, dose volume10 ml/kg). Tail blood glucose levels were measured at times 0, 15, 30,60, 90, 120 minutes following the i.p. glucose load. Stratification ofthe animals during the IPGTT was such that for example two mice fromgroup 1 are dosed followed by two mice from group 2, 3, 4, before thenext two mice from group 1, 2, 3 etc. were handled. This was to allowfor equal distribution of “time of day” throughout all groups.

Results:

TABLE 6 Study 1, Effects on food intake, body weight and glucosetolerance in DIO mice treated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist (compoundno. 47, 2 nmol/kg) and/or GIP compound no. 5 (30 nmol/kg). CumulativeChange in iAUC, food intake BW IPGTT Compound (kcals) Absolute BW(grams) (%) (mM*min) no. Day 14 Day 0 Day 14 Day 14 Day 15 Vehicle 197.0 ± 12.2 ^(a) 43.8 ± 1.2 ^(a) 43.6 ± 1.0 ^(a ) −0.6 ± 3.6 ^(a) 1038± 157 ^(a)   5 181.6 ± 8.1 ^(b) 43.9 ± 1.1 ^(a) 42.2 ± 1.1 ^(ab) −3.8 ±3.4 ^(b) 812 ± 141 ^(a) 47 146.3 ± 6.8 ^(b) 44.4 ± 1.0 ^(a) 38.5 ± 1.2^(bc) −13.2 ± 3.3 ^(c)  543 ± 94 ^(a)  5 + 47 117.1 ± 8.2 ^(b) 44.6 ±1.2 ^(a) 35.4 ± 0.7 ^(c ) −20.7 ± 2.7 ^(d)  482 ± 154 ^(b) ^(a-d) p <0.05, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test for each day;groups not connected by the same letter (in each column) aresignificantly different from each other. Results expressed as mean ±SEM, n = 6-8. iAUC = baseline subtracted area under the curve

TABLE 7 Study 2, Effects on food intake, body weight and glucosetolerance in DIO mice treatedwith the GLP-1 receptor agonist (compoundno. 47, 2 nmol/kg) and/or GIP compound no. 25 (30 nmol/kg). CumulativeiAUC, food intake Change in IPGTT Compound (kcals) Absolute BW (grams)BW (%) (mM*min) no. Day 14 Day 0 Day 14 Day 14 Day 15 Vehicle 180.7 ±7.3 ^(a) 40.8 ± 1.0 ^(a) 40.1 ± 0.7 ^(a)  −1.6 ± 1.5 _(a) 1078 ± 123^(a) 25 170.2 ± 7.3 ^(b) 41.1 ± 1.0 ^(a) 38.8 ± 1.0 ^(a)  −5.6 ± 0.8^(b) 518 ± 36 ^(b) 47 134.9 ± 4.3 ^(b) 40.2 ± 1.2 ^(a) 34.8 ± 1.2 ^(b)−13.6 ± 0.7 ^(c) 503 ± 55 ^(b) 25 + 47 111.0 ± 8.6 ^(b) 40.8 ± 1.2 ^(a)31.9 ± 0.9 ^(b) −21.8 ± 1.0 ^(d) 375 ± 76 ^(b) ^(a-d) p < 0.05, one-wayANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test for each day; groups notconnected by the same letter (in each column) are significantlydifferent from each other. Results expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8. iAUC= baseline subtracted area under the curve

TABLE 8 Study 3, Effects on food intake, body weight and glucosetolerance in DIO mice treated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist (compoundno. 47, 2 nmol/kg) and GIP compound no. 31 (30 nmol/kg). CumulativeiAUC, food intake Change in IPGTT Compound (kcals) Absolute BW (grams)BW (%) (mM*min) no. Day 14 Day 0 Day 14 Day 14 Day 15 Vehicle 178.2 ±8.9 ^(a) 44.4 ± 1.2 ^(a) 44.4 ± 1.4 ^(a)  −0.2 ± 0.8 ^(a) 1882 ± 119^(a) 31 161.9 ± 5.7 ^(b) 43.9 ± 1.2 ^(a) 41.6 ± 1.0 ^(a)  −5.2 ± 0.9^(b) 727 ± 76 ^(b) 47 140.2 ± 6.7 ^(b) 45.2 ± 1.4 ^(a) 40.0 ± 1.3 ^(a)−11.2 ± 1.6 ^(c) 1441 ± 135 ^(c) 31 + 47 110.0 ± 6.0 ^(b) 44.3 ± 1.5^(a)   36 ± 1.3 ^(b) −18.7 ± 1.6 ^(d)  1045 ± 113 ^(bc) ^(a-d) p < 0.05,one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test for each day; groupsnot connected by the same letter (in each column) are significantlydifferent from each other. Results expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8. iAUC= baseline subtracted area under the curve

From Tables 6-8, it is seen that monotherapy with the GLP-1 receptoragonist compound no. 47 (2 nmol/kg) induced a reduction in food intakethat resulted in body weight loss and improvement in glucose tolerance.Monotherapy with the GIP derivatives of the invention (compounds 5, 25,31; 30 nmol/kg) had a minor effect on food intake resulting in a minorbody weight loss than for compound 47. Monotherapy with GIP derivatives5, 25, 31 all improved glucose tolerance. Combination therapy ofcompound 47 (2 nmol/kg) with each of the GIP derivatives 5, 25, 31 (30nmol/kg) potentiated the reduction in food intake and body weight lossat an effect greater than additive compared with monotherapies. Glucosetolerance of combination therapy was not improved beyond that achievedwith GIP derivative monotherapy (Tables 6-8).

While certain features of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, andequivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is,therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended tocover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spiritof the invention.

1. A GIP analogue derivative comprising a GIP analogue and a modifyinggroup, wherein the GIP analogue is (SEQ ID NO: 48)X₁-X₂-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-X₁₄-Asp-X₁₆-Ile-X₁₈-Gln-X₂₀-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-X₃₁;

wherein X₁ is Tyr, Ac-Tyr, or Ac-D-Tyr; X₂ is Aib or Ala; X₁₄ is Nle;X₁₆ is Lys; X₁₈ is Arg or His; X₂₀ is Gln or Aib; and X₃₁ is Gly or Pro;wherein the modifying group is

and wherein the modifying group is covalently attached to the GIPanalogue at the side chain of the epsilon amino group of the lysine atposition 24; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amide thereof. 2.The GIP analogue derivative according to claim 1, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is selected from the group consisting of:N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 1; SEQ ID NO: 6)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 2; SEQ ID NO: 7)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 4; SEQ ID NO: 9)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 6; SEQ ID NO: 11)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 7; SEQ ID NO: 12)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 8; SEQ ID NO: 13)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 9; SEQ ID NO: 14)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 11; SEQ ID NO: 16)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 12; SEQ ID NO: 17)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 18; SEQ ID NO: 23)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 24; SEQ ID NO: 29)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 26; SEQ ID NO: 31)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 27; SEQ ID NO: 32)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 28; SEQ ID NO: 33)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 29; SEQ ID NO: 34)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 32; SEQ ID NO: 37)

andN{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 46; SEQ ID NO: 62)


3. The GIP analogue derivative according to claim 2, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is: N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)


4. The GIP analogue derivative according to claim 2, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)


5. The GIP analogue derivative according to claim 2, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)


6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a GIP analogue derivative anda GLP-1 receptor agonist, wherein the GIP analogue derivative comprisesa GIP analogue and a modifying group; wherein the GIP analogue isX₁-X₂-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-X₁₄-Asp-X₁₆-Ile-X₁₈-Gln-X₂₀-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-X₃₁  (SEQID NO: 48); wherein X₁ is Tyr, Ac-Tyr, or Ac-D-Tyr; X₂ is Aib or Ala;X₁₄ is Nle; X₁₆ is Lys; X₁₈ is Arg or His; X₂₀ is Gln or Aib; and X₃₁ isGly or Pro; wherein the modifying group is

and wherein the modifying group is covalently attached to the GIPanalogue at the side chain of the epsilon amino group of the lysine atposition 24; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amide thereof. 7.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is selected from the group consisting of:N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 1; SEQ ID NO: 6)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle4,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 2; SEQ ID NO: 7)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 4; SEQ ID NO: 9)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 6; SEQ ID NO: 11)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 7; SEQ ID NO: 12)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 8; SEQ ID NO: 13)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 9; SEQ ID NO: 14)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 11; SEQ ID NO: 16)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 12; SEQ ID NO: 17)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 18; SEQ ID NO: 23)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 24; SEQ ID NO: 29)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 26; SEQ ID NO: 31)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 27; SEQ ID NO: 32)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 28; SEQ ID NO: 33)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 29; SEQ ID NO: 34)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 32; SEQ ID NO: 37)

andN{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 46; SEQ ID NO: 62)


8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is: N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)


9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)


10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)


11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, wherein theGLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide.
 12. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 11, wherein the GIP analogue derivativeis: N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)


13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, wherein theGIP analogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)


14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, wherein theGIP analogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)


15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, comprising theGIP analogue derivative as a first unit dosage form and the GLP-1receptor agonist as a second unit dosage form.
 16. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 13, comprising the GIP analoguederivative as a first unit dosage form and the GLP-1 receptor agonist asa second unit dosage form.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition accordingto claim 14, comprising the GIP analogue derivative as a first unitdosage form and the GLP-1 receptor agonist as a second unit dosage form.18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is a single-dosage form comprising both theGIP analogue derivative and the GLP-1 receptor agonist.
 19. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is a single-dosage form comprising both theGIP analogue derivative and the GLP-1 receptor agonist.
 20. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is a single-dosage form comprising both theGIP analogue derivative and the GLP-1 receptor agonist.
 21. A method oftreating type II diabetes by administering an effective amount of apharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof, wherein thepharmaceutical composition comprises a GIP analogue derivative and aGLP-1 receptor agonist; wherein the GIP analogue derivative comprises aGIP analogue and a modifying group; wherein the GIP analogue is(SEQ ID NO: 48) X₁-X₂-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-X₁₄-Asp-X₁₆-Ile-X₁₈-Gln-X₂₀-Asp-Phe-Val-Lys-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-X₃₁;

wherein X₁ is Tyr, Ac-Tyr, or Ac-D-Tyr; X₂ is Aib or Ala; X₁₄ is Nle;X₁₆ is Lys; X₁₈ is Arg or His; X₂₀ is Gln or Aib; and X₃₁ is Gly or Pro;wherein the modifying group is

and wherein the modifying group is covalently attached to the GIPanalogue at the side chain of the epsilon amino group of the lysine atposition 24; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amide thereof. 22.The method according to claim 21, wherein the subject is suffering fromobesity.
 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the GIP analoguederivative is selected from the group consisting of:N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 1; SEQ ID NO: 6)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle4,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 2; SEQ ID NO: 7)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 4; SEQ ID NO: 9)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 6; SEQ ID NO: 11)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 7; SEQ ID NO: 12)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 8; SEQ ID NO: 13)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Glu20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 9; SEQ ID NO: 14)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 11; SEQ ID NO: 16)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 12; SEQ ID NO: 17)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 18; SEQ ID NO: 23)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 24; SEQ ID NO: 29)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 26; SEQ ID NO: 31)

N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 27; SEQ ID NO: 32)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 28; SEQ ID NO: 33)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 29; SEQ ID NO: 34)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)

N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 32; SEQ ID NO: 37)

andN{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro3]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 46; SEQ ID NO: 62)


24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the GIP analoguederivative is: N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)


25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the GIP analoguederivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle14,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)


26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the GIP analoguederivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)


27. The method according to claim 23, wherein the GLP-1 receptor agonistis semaglutide.
 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is: N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-(17-carboxyheptadecanoylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 5; SEQ ID NO: 10)

and wherein the subject is suffering from obesity.
 29. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 27, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]amino]butanoyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Nle4,Arg18,Aib20,Lys24]-hGIP(1-31)(Compound 25; SEQ ID NO: 30)

and wherein the subject is suffering from obesity.
 30. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 27, wherein the GIPanalogue derivative is:N{1}-acetyl,N{Epsilon-24}-[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[(4S)-4-carboxy-4-[[4-[(19-carboxynonadecanoylamino)methyl]cyclohexanecarbonyl]-amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]-[D-Tyr1,Aib2,Nle14,Arg18,Lys24,Pro31]-hGIP(1-31)amide (Compound 31; SEQ ID NO: 36)

and wherein the subject is suffering from obesity.